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Bio 151 – Laboratory Manual Human Anatomy & Physiology II DCCC The Heart & EKG
Last updated 06/20/2012
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#4 Cardiovascular I – The Heart
Objectives:
Identify a list of human heart structures using a virtual human dissection
Dissect a sheep heart to identify external and internal structures
Identify a list of human heart structures on a model
Equipment: Remember to bring gloves, goggles,
appropriate shoes, photographic atlas.
I. Introduction
The heart has four chambers – two upper atria
(singular, atrium) and two lower ventricles.
Blood enters the atria from the large veins and
passes into the ventricles before being ejected
from the heart within the large arteries to either
the lungs or the rest of the body (Fig. 1).
II. Virtual Human Heart Examination
Preparation
1. Start the Anatomy & Physiology
Revealed® software by double clicking the icon.
2. On the home screen, from Module (top center)
select Cardiovascular from the drop down Menu.
3. From the icon list at the top center, click the left
most icon (the dissection icon).
4. Under the Structure List column (top left) use
the Topic drop down menu to choose Thorax.
5. From the View drop down menu choose
Arteries-anterior. Do not select a Structure Type
at this point.
6. At the bottom of the left column are the layer
tools. Move the red arrows down to gradually
remove each layer of the body. The layers must be
removed in order. Remove Layers 1 and 2 to
visualize the pericardium in Layer 3.
Figure 1. Structures of the human heart
Bio 151 – Laboratory Manual Human Anatomy & Physiology II DCCC The Heart & EKG
Last updated 06/20/2012
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7. To identify visible structures within a
layer, click on the radio button at the top
of the layer that is on display. Pins will
appear marking labeled structures.
8. Hover over a pin and the name of the structure
will appear. Or click on a pin and the structure will
be highlighted in the main view and further
information on the structure will appear in the
various boxes in the left column. Another
identification method is to click on the name of the structure in the information section.
9. Practice using the layer tools and highlighting structures by clicking on the pin or structure
name.
III. Virtual Human Heart Examination
Cardiovascular system, thorax, arteries-anterior, dissection layer 3
Structures AP Revealed®
1. pericardium (also
known as pericardial sac)
1. The introductory instructions
on page 2 will bring you to
this view (APR Fig. 1).
2. Note the position of the heart
within the thoracic cavity.
3. The heart is enclosed in the
double-layered pericardium
(APR Fig. 1).
APR Fig.1
Cardiovascular system, thorax, arteries-anterior, dissection layer 4
Structures AP Revealed®
2. heart
3. aorta
a. aortic arch
b. brachiocephalic
artery
c. left common carotid
artery
d. left subclavian
artery
4. pulmonary trunk
5. vena cava
a. superior
b. inferior (not shown)
1. Use the layer tool to move one
layer deeper (Layer 4). The
pericardium is removed in
this layer revealing the major
vessels associated with the
heart (APR Fig. 2).
2. Use the labeling pins to locate
the aorta (3), superior vena
cava (5a), and pulmonary
trunk (4).
3. Note: the vessels branching
from the aorta are labeled in
APR Fig 3.
APR Fig. 2
1
3
5a
2
4
Bio 151 – Laboratory Manual Human Anatomy & Physiology II DCCC The Heart & EKG
Last updated 06/20/2012
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Cardiovascular system, thorax, arteries-anterior, dissection layer 5
Structures AP Revealed®
3. aorta
a. aortic arch
b. brachiocephalic
artery
c. left common carotid
artery
d. left subclavian
artery
1. Use the layer tool to move to
Layer 5 (APR Fig. 3).
2. The anterior veins have been
removed to reveal the arteries
branching from the aortic
arch.
3. Locate the aorta arch (3a),
brachiocephalic (3b), left
common carotid (3c), and left
subclavian (3d) a.
APR Fig. 3
Cardiovascular system, heart, vasculature-anterior, dissection layer 2
Structures AP Revealed®
6. coronary arteries
a. right
b. left
7. pulmonary arteries (not shown in this view)
8. right and left
pulmonary veins (right
shown in this view)
1. To see the heart details,
choose Heart from the Topic
drop down menu in the left
column. Choose Vasculature-
anterior under the View menu.
Move to Layer 2 (APR Fig. 4).
2. Use the labeling pins for all
three layers to locate the
structures on the left.
Also shown in this view are the
cut end of the superior and
inferior vena cavae (5a,b).
APR Fig. 4
Cardiovascular system, heart, internal features-anterior, dissection layer 1
Structures AP Revealed®
9. auricle
a. right
b. left
10. ventricle
a. right
b. left
11. apex
1. Choose Heart from the Topic
menu and Internal features-
anterior from the View menu
(APR Fig. 5).
2. Use the labeling pins to locate
the structures on the left
APR Fig.5
9a
9b
10a
10b
11
3c 3b 3d
3a
5b
6a
5a
6b 8
Bio 151 – Laboratory Manual Human Anatomy & Physiology II DCCC The Heart & EKG
Last updated 06/20/2012
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Cardiovascular system, heart, internal features-anterior, dissection layer 5
Structures AP Revealed®
12. atrium (atria, pl.)
a. right
b. left
13. interventricular
septum
14. atrioventricular
valve
a. right (tricuspid)
b. left (bicuspid)
15. papillary muscle
16. chordae tendineae
17. semilunar valve
a. pulmonary (not
visible in this figure)
b. aortic
1. Move to Layer 5 (APR Fig. 6).
2. In this view, move up and
down through Layers 2-6 to find
the appropriate labeling pins for
the structures on the left.
APR Fig. 6
III. Sheep Heart Dissection
A. Preparation
1. Wear goggles, gloves, and an apron for the entire time that you are working with
preserved specimens.
2. Obtain a dissecting tray and a sheep heart.
B. Exterior Observations
auricles (right and left)
ventricles (right and left)
apex
pulmonary trunk
aorta
Use your atlas to orient the heart. The prominent features on the anterior surface are the left
auricle and the pulmonary trunk. Most of the vessels will emerge on the posterior surface,
however, they might have been cut close to the heart and only the openings will be visible. The
apex is composed of the left ventricle.
C. Interior Observations
atria (right and left)
ventricles (right and left)
interventricular septum
atrioventricular valves
tricuspid (right)
bicuspid/mitral (left)
semilunar valves
aortic
pulmonary
chordae tendineae
papillary muscle
12a
16
13
12b
14a
17b
14b
15
Bio 151 – Laboratory Manual Human Anatomy & Physiology II DCCC The Heart & EKG
Last updated 06/20/2012
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Make a frontal section with your scalpel by cutting through the center of the left auricle toward
the apex. Continue the cut around the apex and up through the right auricle. Note that the heart is
asymmetrical. The left ventricle makes up apex, is the largest chamber of the heart with the
thickest wall. The interventricular septum separates the two ventricles. The right ventricle is
slightly posterior to the left ventricle and much smaller. Locate the atrioventricular valves
between the atria and ventricles. The chordae tendineae are attached to the inferior aspect of the
valves. Papillary muscles bind the chordae tendineae to the ventricle walls. The aortic and
pulmonary semilunar valves are at the junction of the atria with the aorta and pulmonary trunk,
respectively. Confirm the location of each vessel by inserting a blunt probe through the atria.
D. Directions for Cleaning Up
1. All specimen tissue should be thrown away in the red biohazard containers. Please do
NOT allow tissue to end up in the sink. They will clog the drain and cause extra work for
lab assistants.
2. Thoroughly wash your dissecting tray with soap and water, dry, and return it to the lab
bench where you found it.
3. Use the spray disinfectant cleaner provided to thoroughly wipe down your lab bench
area so that it will be ready for the next group of students.
4. Dispose of your gloves, paper towels and old plastic bags in the regular trash
containers, NOT the red biohazard containers.
5. Make sure that you take your dissecting kit and goggles with you when you leave the lab.
IV. Heart Model Observation
Locate the following structures on the human heart model:
aorta
─ brachiocephalic artery
─ left common carotid artery
─ left subclavian artery
pulmonary trunk
vena cava
─ superior
─ inferior
auricle
─ right
─ left
ventricle
─ right
─ left
apex
pulmonary arteries
pulmonary veins
atria
─ right
─ left
interventricular septum
atrioventricular valve
─ right (tricuspid)
─ left (bicuspid or mitral)
papillary muscle
chordae tendineae
semilunar valve
─ pulmonary
─ aortic
Bio 151 – Laboratory Manual Human Anatomy & Physiology II DCCC Cardiovascular I – The Heart Name:_________________________
Last updated 06/20/2012
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Laboratory Report
For each label in the human heart figure above, give the name of the structure on the correct line
below.
A. _____________________________
B. _____________________________
C. _____________________________
D. _____________________________
E. _____________________________
F. _____________________________
G. _____________________________
H. _____________________________
I. _____________________________
J. _____________________________
K. _____________________________
L. _____________________________
M. _____________________________
N. _____________________________
O. _____________________________
P. _____________________________