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Outcomes
Know and understand the importance of non-verbal
communication in various environments
Know and understand the types of non-verbal
communication
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WHY?A career in every fielddemands a lot from the practitioner
in terms of his/her communicative competence, which
includes verbal as well as non-verbal communication.
It is therefore important that you learn the key elementsof non-verbal communication because it plays an
important role in our daily life.
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Non-verbal communication1. Non-verbal communication, such as facial expressions,
gestures, posture, and tone of voiceis an importantcomponent of most human communications.
There are threemain elements of nonverbal communication:
appearance,
body language,
sounds.
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AppearanceIn oral forms of communication, the appearance of both the
speaker and the surroundings are vital to the successful
conveyance of a message.
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Our choice of color, clothing, hairstyles and other factorsaffecting appearance are also considered a means of
nonverbal communication. Research on color psychologyhas
demonstrated that different colors can evoke different moods.
Appearance can also alter physiological reactions, judgments
and interpretations.
http://psychology.about.com/od/sensationandperception/a/colorpsych.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/sensationandperception/a/colorpsych.htm8/11/2019 CURS 5 INFO
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Facial expressions are responsible for a huge proportion ofnonverbal communication. While nonverbal communication
and behavior can vary dramatically between cultures, the
facial expressions for happiness, sadness, anger and fear are
similar throughout the world.
Gestures
Common gestures include waving, pointing, and using fingers
to indicate numeric amounts. Other gestures are arbitrary and
related to culture.
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Just a few examples of emotions that can be expressed viafacial expressions include:
Happiness
Sadness
Anger
Surprise
Disgust
Fear
Confusion
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Excitement
Desire
Contempt
Facial expressions are also among the most universal formsof body language. The expressions used to convey fear,
anger, sadness, and happiness are similar throughout the
world. Researcher Paul Ekman has found support for the
universality of a variety of facial expressions tied to particular
emotions including joy, anger, fear, surprise, and sadness.
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Paralinguistics
The tone, rate, and volume of a speaker's voice can convey
different meanings, as can sounds like laughing, throat
clearing, or humming. It is also important to note that perfume
or other odors contribute to a listener's impressions, as doesphysical contact between the speaker and the listener.
Silence, or the lack of sound, is a form of nonverbal
communication as well. Silence can communicate a lack of
understanding or even hard feelings in a face-to-facediscussion.
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Anthropologist Edward T. Hall described four levels of socialdistance that occur in different situations:
Intimate distance - 6 to 18 inchesThis level of physical distance often indicates a closerrelationship or greater comfort between individuals. It oftenoccurs during intimate contact such as hugging, whispering,or touching.
Personal distance - 1.5 to 4 feetPhysical distance at this level usually occurs between people
who are family members or close friends. The closer thepeople can comfortably stand while interacting can be anindicator of the intimacy of the relationship.
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Social distance - 4 to 12 feetThis level of physical distance is often used with individuals
who are acquaintances. With someone you know fairly well,
such as a co-worker you see several times a week, you might
feel more comfortable interacting at a closer distance. In
cases where you do not know the other person well, such as
a postal delivery driver you only see once a month, a distance
of 10 to 12 feet may feel more comfortable.
Public distance - 12 to 25 feet
Physical distance at this level is often used in public speaking
situations. Talking in front of a class full of students or giving
a presentation at work are good examples of such situations.
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Eye contactLooking, staring and blinking can also be important nonverbal
behaviors. Looking at another person can indicate a range of
emotions, including hostility, interest and attraction.
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When evaluating body language, pay attention to the followeye signals:
Eye gaze
When a person looks directly into your eyes when having a
conversion, it indicates that they are interested and payingattention.
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BlinkingBlinking is natural, but you should also pay attention to
whether a person is blinking too much or too little. People often
blink more rapidly when they are feeling distressed or
uncomfortable. Infrequent blinking may indicate that a person
is intentionally trying to control his or her eye movements. For
example, a poker player might blink less frequently because he
is purposely trying to appear unexcited about the hand he was
dealt.
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Pupil size
One of the most subtle cues that eyes provide is through the
size of the pupils. For example, you may have heard the
phase "bedroom eyes" used to describe the look someonegives when they are attracted to another person.
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What is a good listener?Be empathetic.
A good listener keeps eye-contact and responds to the
speaker accordingly. You respect the speaker by, for
example, not doing distracting things during the conversation.
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A good listener also listens with his/her eyes. This isespecially so in face-to-face interactions where the listener is
able to receive messages transmitted by non-verbal
communication mode, such as facial expressions.
A good listener also participates in the interaction, silently, byactive body language. In other words, as you listen to the
speaker, you also give that speaker feedback to make
him/her feel that his/her message is received, and reassure
him/her that he/she is being attended to.
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A good listener would thus also encourage the speaker thathe/she is actively involved and is interested in the interaction
by using both receptive language (e.g. I see) and non-verbal cues (eg nodding or shaking head).
He/she seeks clarification where there is anymisunderstanding, or signs that there is coherence in what is
being presented. He/she would thus ask questions if he/she
is not really sure whether he/she understands what is being
said.
He/she cares about the speaker and other role players in the
listening context, and value of the messages (not necessarily
that he/she agrees).
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He/she pays full and genuine attention to what is said. He/shedoes not fake attention.
A good listener shows interest in, and commitment to, the
interaction. In a professional setting this will be evident when
the listener takes notes.A good listener must be open-minded. Allow your mind to be
open to new ideas and criticisms and thus be comfortable
with ideas you may not agree with. The qualities described
above suggest that listening is not passive, and that thelistener has certain things that he/she has to do during the
interaction or communication process.
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Sources and References
http://www.managementstudyguide.com/non-verbal-
communication.htm
Collins, A. (2003). Gestures, body language and behavior.
New York: DKC.Kendon, A. (2004) Gesture: Visible Action as Utterance.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Remland, M.S. & Jones, T.S. (2005). Interpersonal distance,
body orientation, and touch: The effect of culture, gender andage. Journal of Social Psychology,135, 281-297.
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Additional BibliographyAgar M.Language shock: Understanding the culture of
conversation, New York: William Morrow, 1994.
Ashley A.A Handbook of Commercial Correspondence,
New Edition , Oxford University Press, 2003.
Coanc M., MagheruanV., Preda M.Practice inCommunication for Informatics, Editura Universitar, 2010.
Roxana-Emanuela Dude