Post on 19-Jan-2015
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Flight Control Systems (Conventional & Digital) & Enhanced Diagnostic Aid (EDNA)
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Overview of Principles of Flight
– Basic Facts and Terms
– Controls and Surfaces
– Axes of Rotation
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Principles of Flight– Bernoulli’s Principle
• As air velocity increases, pressure decreases
• As air velocity decreases, pressure increases
• Venturi tube
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
– Density• As air is compressed, it becomes more dense
• Air has less density at high altitude
• Air expands as it is heated – occupies more space
• Changes in air density affect flight– Climate is cold, altitude is low = dense air
» Aircraft achieves takeoff speed more quickly
» Takes off with less runway
– High Altitude = low density (airplane flies faster)
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
– Humidity• Higher temperature of air – the more water it can
absorb
• Temperature the same – density of air varies with humidity
• Damp days– Density is less than it is on dry days
– Airplane requires longer runway for takeoff
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
– Relative Wind – the direction of the airflow with respect to the wing
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
– Angle of Attack – angle between the wing chord line and the direction of the relative wind
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
– Airfoils• Any object designed to obtain a reaction upon itself
from the air through which it passes
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
– Wing Chord Line• Distance from the leading edge to the trailing edge
• Represented by a straight line called the chord line
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
– Camber• The curve or departure from the chord line
• Positive – Convex Surface
• Negative – Concave Surface
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
– Camber• Upper Surface – Always positive
• Lower Surface– Positive (usually)
– Zero
– Negative
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Producing Lift– High-speed flow is associated with low pressure
– Low-speed flow is associated with high pressure
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
– Airfoil is designed to increase the velocity of the airflow above the surface – decreases pressure above the airfoil
– Impact of air on lower surface increases pressure below
– Pressure differential causes lift
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Weight – the force of gravity acting downward upon anything that goes into the aircraft– Reduced as fuel is burned
– Reduced as missles and bombs are released
– Reduced the aircraft will climb
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Lift – acts vertically, by doing so counteracts weight– Increases to a certain point with
• AOA
• Air Density
• Airspeed
– Lift is increased – aircraft will climb
– Lift is reduced – aircraft will descend
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Drag – forward deterrent force (caused by the disruption of the airflow by the wings, fuselage and protruding objects)– Increases with
• Airspeed
• AOA (drag increases much more rapidly than lift as AOA increases)
– Decreases with increased altitude due to decrease in air density
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Thrust – the forward force produced by the jet engine that overcomes the force of drag– Increased thrust increases airspeed
– Decreased thrust is needed at higher altitude to achieve the same airspeed due to less air density and drag
– Thrust is decreased, airspeed will decrease
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Controls and Surfaces– Stick
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Controls and Surfaces– Mechanical/Electronic
Controls
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Controls and Surfaces– Electronic Controls
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Controls and Surfaces– Rudder Pedals
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Controls and Surfaces– Flap Controls
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Control/Surface Connection– Direct Mechanical
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Control/Surface Connection– Power Assisted Mechanical
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Control/Surface Connection– Powered, Electronically Controlled
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Flight Control Surfaces– Wings
• Primary means of providing lift for the aircraft
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Flaps– Attached to wings
– Moveable surfaces that provide increased lift
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Flaps– Trailing Edge Flaps
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Flaps– Leading Edge Flaps
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Ailerons– Moveable surfaces to provide roll control
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Horizontal Stabilizers– Provides stabilization against uncontrolled pitching of the
aircraft– Attached to aft section of aircraft
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Elevators– Moveable surfaces to provide pitch control
– Attached to trailing edge of horizontal stabs
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Moveable Horizontal Stabilizers– Entire Surface pivots to provide pitch control– Does not require elevators
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Vertical Stabilizers– Provides stabilization against uncontrolled yawing
of the aircraft
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Rudder– Moveable surfaces to provide yaw control
– Move symmetrically
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Combined Surfaces– Flaperon
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Elevons
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Speedbrake
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Axes of Rotation– Surfaces are normally “streamline” for straight
and level flight
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Roll– The longitudal axis is an imaginary line through
center of straight and level flight
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Roll– Movement about the axis is roll
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Roll– Roll is initiated by applying lateral pressure to the
side stick controller
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Pitch– The lateral axis is an imaginary line from the wing
tip to wing tip
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Pitch– Movement about about the axis is pitch
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Pitch– Pitch is initiated by applying fore and aft pressure
on the side stick controller
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Yaw– The vertical axis is an imaginary line through the
center of the aircraft from top to bottom
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Yaw– Movement about the axis is yaw
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Yaw– Yaw initiated using rudder pedals
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Trim
2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Summary of Principles of Flight
– Defined Basic Facts and Terms
– Covered Controls and Surfaces
– Axes of Rotation