Post on 17-Dec-2015
Conventional breeding / Food processing / FortificationDr.ir. Gijs A. Kleter*, Dr. Harry A. KuiperABIC 2004, Cologne, Germany, September 15, 2004
Structure of the presentation
Introduction Definitions Regulatory
Nutraceutical / functional foods Conventional breeding Food processing Food fortification
ConclusionsIllustration:
Cologne Tourist Office
Introduction
Functional food:“similar in appearance to, or may be, a conventional food, is consumed as part of a usual diet, and is demonstrated to have physiological benefits and/or reduce the risk of chronic disease beyond basic nutritional functions.”(working definition, Health Canada)
Illustration: S. Bauer/ARS/ K7222-12
Introduction
Nutraceutical:“a product isolated or purified from foods that is generally sold in medicinal forms not usually associated with food. A nutraceutical is demonstrated to have a physiological benefit or provide protection against chronic disease”(working definition, Health Canada)
Illustration: BBC
Introduction
Examples of regulations (I) Conventional breeding
Variety registration Novel foods
Processing Novel food Additives, processing aids, etc.
Illustration: City University of Hong Kong
Introduction
Examples of regulations (II) Fortification
Fortified foods Foods for special uses
Health claims Non-medical Scientific evidence
Conventional breeding
Approaches for nutritional improvement
Selection of mutants Maize opaque2 (QPM)
Crosses with wild relatives Tomato (carotenoids) Maize (minerals)
Mutation breeding Marker-assisted selection
Illustration: S. Bauer/ARS/ K7252-65
Conventional breeding
Examples (I): Tomato rich in beta-carotene
USDA lines 97L63, 97L66, and 97L97
Progeny of cross with wild relative Beta-gene Beta-carotene formed at expense
of lycopene
Illustration: S. Bauer/ARS/ K4659-1
Conventional breeding
Examples (II): Eggplant rich in phenolics
ARS analysis 14 phenolics, including
chlorogenic acid Differences in contents Variety Black Magic (commercial)
highest
Illustration: P. Greb/ARS/ K10938-1
Conventional breeding
Examples (III): High-amylose maize (resistant
starch) Hi-maize (commercial) Not digested like dietary fibre Claims
• Weight reduction• Probiotic• Prevents bowel cancer
Illustration: National Starch
Conventional breeding
Examples (IV): Reduced antinutrients or
toxins: Phytic acid in cereals Solanin in potatoes Erucic acid in canola
Illustration: S. Bauer/ARS/ K9152-1
Food processing
Targets Prevention of loss of
nutraceuticals Prevention of antioxidant loss
Introduction or increase of nutraceuticals Proteases
Deletion of adverse components Phytase Lactase
Illustration:
Roy Company Export Establishment
Food processing
Examples (I): Digest of soy protein and lipids
Digestion of:• Protein by protease• Lipid by phospholipase
Combined digests (Soyscience) Claim: Cholesterol reduction
Illustration: Kyowa Hakko
Food processing
Examples (II): Use of phytase in foods
Sources:• Phytase-containing plant foods• GM Aspergillus, starch
processing aid Digestion of phytic acid Increased bioavailability:
• Iron, zinc, other minerals• Phosphorous Illustrations: Novo Nordisk,
NIAID
Aspergillus oryzae
Phytic acid
Food processing
Examples (III): Preservation of probiotics
Vitrilife (commercial) Cellular and non-cellular No freezing Vaccum evaporation, dry foam Ambient or higher storage
temperatures
Illustrations: Universal Preservation Technologies
Food fortification
Example: Addition of vitamins and minerals
In some cases required by law• Salt iodination• Folic acid
In other cases voluntary• Cereals, bakery, dairy, juices etc.
Claimed health benefits:• Beyond basic needs• Additional properties of single
substanceIllustrations: Prepared Foods
Conclusions (I)
Functional foods and nutraceuticals provide benefits beyond basic nutritional needs
Conventional breeding, food processing, and fortification offer many options for nutritional improvement Illustration: Obozrevatel
Conclusions (II)
Different regulations may pertain to each option
Health claims need scientific support; no “miracle” compounds exist
Nutritional impact: scientific pre-market assessment and post-market monitoring are important items