Post on 12-Sep-2021
Congestion Pricing Experiences
in Singapore
Dr Kian-Keong Chin
Chief Engineer, Transportation
Land Transport Authority
Singapore
Congestion Pricing – just one
component of a Transport Strategy
Cannot work on its own
Singapore:
Public Transport is key alternative
A Traffic Management Tool – Not for revenue
generation
Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Area Licensing Scheme
First practical application of road pricing -
started June 1975.
Paper licences required for entry (only) into
the Central Business District (RZ),
demarcated by gantries.
Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Area Licensing Scheme
Daily and monthly paper licences.
Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Area Licensing Scheme
Manually enforced.
Area Licensing Scheme
Cordon-based marked by gantries
Paper licences (for payment on entries)
Enforcement - manual
Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
The Change-over to ERP
Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Singapore’s
Electronic Road Pricing
Cordon-based marked by gantries
Electronic In-Vehicle Unit with smart-card
(for payment on entries)
Enforcement – camera images
Back-end Central Control System
Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2008
CBD
Started in 1998 with 33 gantries
Increased over the years – presently 66 gantries
Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Road Pricing Charges
Varies by vehicle type
Varies by location of gantry
Varies by time of day - ranges from S$0.50
to S$4.00 per pass
Payment Modes
Deducted at point of use from smart-card
Post-payment with administrative charges
Credit card payment
Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Impact - Traffic Volume (CBD)
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
Morning
(2 hours)
Off-Peak
(7.5 hours)
Evening
(2hours)
Before
After
end-2000-13%
-9%
-8%
Peak Period Flow
Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Adjustment of ERP Charges
To ensure use of road space is optimised
Review at 3-monthly intervals
65 kph45 kph
Increase Decrease
Expressways
30 kph20 kph
Increase Decrease
Other Roads
Reduced during long school holidays
Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Extending the Singapore’s
Electronic Road Pricing
Aug 05 – ERP extended to manage evening
peak hour congestion for home-bound trips
(on the Central Expressway, CTE)
Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Evening ERP for home-bound trips
Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Evening ERP for home-bound trips
Aug 05 – ERP extended to manage evening
peak hour congestion for home-bound trips
(on the Central Expressway, CTE)
Travel time between 6 – 8 pm improved.
Motorists have a choice.
Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Impact on Traffic Flows (Aug 05)
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
5,500
No
. o
f V
eh
icle
s
6-6.30 6.30-7 7-7.30 7.30-8
Before
Aug-05
Nov-05
Jan-06
Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Evening ERP for home-bound trips
Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Evening ERP for home-bound trips
Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Extending the Singapore’s
Electronic Road Pricing
Oct 05 – Two distinct pricing cordons in
city – Orchard and CBD with different
operating hours and charges
Orchard cordon has different traffic
characteristics
Intent is to reduce through traffic on
Orchard corridor
ERP for Orchard Cordon
Additional
Gantries
Orchard
CBD
Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2008
Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
ERP on Orchard Rd - Weekday
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
Bef
ore
Oct
-05
Nov-
05
Jan-0
6
No
. o
f V
eh
icle
s
Through Traffic
Orchard Traffic
35%
25%Afternoon (1.30-3.30pm)
29%20%
Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
Befo
re
Oct-0
5
Nov-0
5
Jan-0
6
No
. o
f V
eh
icle
s
Through Traffic
Orchard Traffic
38%
28%
Evening (5.30-7.30pm)
29% 20%
ERP on Orchard Rd - Weekday
Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
Bef
ore
Oct
-05
Nov
-05
Jan-
06
No
. o
f V
eh
icle
s
Through Traffic
Orchard Traffic
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
Bef
ore
Oct
-05
Nov-
05
Jan-0
6
No
. o
f V
eh
icle
s
35%
22%
36%
25%
Afternoon (1.30-3.30pm) Evening (5.30-7.30pm)
25% 26%19% 19%
ERP on Orchard Rd - Saturday
Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Pricing intra-city traffic in the
City (July 08)
New Pricing
Line
Operates 6-8pm weekdays
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Pricing intra-city traffic in the
City (July 08)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
Vo
lum
e C
ro
ssin
g S
ing
ap
ore
Riv
er L
ine
Before Jul-08 Oct-08
-38% -30%
Managing TrafficWhat other measures should be used to
complement ERP in addressing traffic congestion?
0.2%
0.2%
4.5%
24.4%
44.7%
40.2%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Improve design of the
roads
Allow less vehicles on
the roads
ERP is good enough
Provide cheaper
public transport
Discouraging vehicle
ownership
No commentsn = 443
Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Lessons
Pricing Strategy to be flexible and relevant
ERP complements other transport tools
land-use planning, road building, use of technology,
traffic & incident mgmt
Viable Travel Alternatives Needed
Keep Scheme and Pricing Simple
Not to generate revenue for Government
Communications is never enough
Not just a fiscal measure but to change behaviour
Making ERP Rates Visible
Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010