Post on 01-Jan-2016
description
Conce
pts o
f Mat
ter a
nd
Energy
By: MASON S
HELL, A
NNA MCCRACKEN
, & S
OMLEE
MATTER: the “stuff” of the universe. It’s anything that occupies space and has mass.
• Matter exists in three main states:
• SOLIDS: have a definite shape and volume.
• LIQUIDS: have definite volume, but their shape conforms to the container
• GASES: have no definite shape or volume
MATTER can undergo PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL CHANGES
• PHYSICAL CHANGES: do not alter the basic nature of the substance
• EX: changes in states of matter or cutting food
• CHEMICAL CHANGES: do alter the composition of the substance
• EX: digesting food
ENERGY: the ability to do work or to put matter into motion• POTENTIAL ENERGY: when energy is inactive and
stored
Potential Energy
• KINETIC ENERGY: the ability to do work or to put matter into motion
Kinetic Energy
*Matter is the substance & energy is the mover of the substance
Forms of energy
• CHEMICAL ENERGY:
• is stored in the bonds of chemical substances
• When these bonds are broken, stored (potential) energy is unleashed and becomes kinetic energy
ELECTRICAL ENERGY: results from the movement of charged particles
MECHANICAL ENERGY: is directly involved in moving matter, such as your legs moving a bike pedal.
FORMS OF ENERGY
RADIANT ENERGY:
• Travels in waves
• Includes:• X-rays
• Infrared
• Visible light
• Radio
• Ultraviolet
FORMS OF ENERGY
Electromagnetic Spectrum
ENERGY FORM CONVERSIONS
• Generally energy is easily converted from one form to another
• Energy conversions are not very efficient
• Some of the initial energy supply is “lost” or unusable, and produces heat
Composition of Matter
Group 2
Elements and Atoms
All matter is composed of elements: unique substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods
Examples: oxygen, carbon, gold, copper, and iron
o Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen make up 96% of body weight
Atomic Structure
The word atom comes from the Greek “incapable of being divided”
Atoms have 3 subatomic particles: Protons, which have a positive charge
Neutrons, which have a neutral charge
Electrons, which have a negative charge equal in strength to the positive charge in protons
A proton and a proton, as well as, an electron and an election will repel each other but a proton and an electron attract
Neutrons are neither attracted nor repelled
Subatomic Particles of an Atom
Planetary Model of an Atom
The planetary model of an atom portrays the atom as a miniature solar system in which the protons and neutrons are clustered at the center of the atom at the atomic nucleus
Orbital Model of the Atom
The orbital model is a more modern model of atomic structure that has proved to be more useful in predicting the chemical behavior of atoms
Identifying Elements
Atomic Number
Each element is given an atomic number that is equal to the number of protons its atom contains
Atomic Mass Number
The atomic mass number of any atom is the sum of the protons and neutrons contained in its nucleus
Atomic Weight
The atomic weight of an atom is not equal to its atomic mass because there is more than one type of atom representing each element
Isotopes have the same number of protons and electrons but vary in the number of neutrons they contain
The heavier isotopes of certain atoms are unstable and tend to decompose to become more stable, these are called radioisotopes
The process of spontaneous atomic decay is called radioactivity
Molecules and CompoundsHadley Taylor, Kyle Berher, Trey Vaughan
When two or more atoms combine chemically, molecules are formed• If two or more atoms of the same
element bond together, a molecule of that element is produced
• For example, when two hydrogen atoms bond, the product is a molecule of hydrogen gas
• H(atom) + H(atom) H2
• The product’s atomic makeup is shown in a molecular formula
• The chemical reaction is shown by writing a chemical equation
When two or more different atoms bind together to form a molecule, the molecule is more specifically referred to as a molecule of a compound• For example, four hydrogen atoms and
one carbon atom can interact chemically to form methane:
• 4H + C = CH4 (methane)
Compounds always have properties different from those of the atoms making them up• A molecule is the smallest particle of a
compound that still retains the properties of that compound
Chemical Bonds and Chemical ReactionsBy: Samantha Kocan, Alex Castanza, John Haynes, and Chase Stewart
Chemical reactions occur whenever atoms combine with or dissociate from other atoms. When atoms unite chemically, chemical bonds are formed.
Bond Formation
A chemical bond is NOT an actual physical structure
It is an energy relationship that involves interactions between the electrons of the reacting atoms
Role of Electrons
Electrons occupy fixed regions of space around the nucleus. These regions are called…
Electron shells
Energy levels
The maximum number of electron shells in any atom is 7
The electrons closest to the nucleus are those most strongly attracted to its positive charge, and those farther away are less securely held
As a result, the more distant electrons are likely to interact with other atoms Ex: Development of a child
During the toddler years a child spends most of its time at home and is shaped and molded by the ideas and demands of its parents
When the child goes to school he/she is influenced by friends and adults. The child is more likely to become involved with “outsiders” as it roams farther from home, just like electrons are more influenced by other atoms as they get farther away from the positive influence of the nucleus.
Role of Electrons continued…
There is a limit to the number of electrons each electron shell can hold
Shell 1 (closest to the nucleus): 2 electrons
Shell 2: 8 electrons
Shell 3: 18 electrons
The only electrons important when considering bonding behavior are those in the valence shell, the atom’s outermost shell. Its electrons determine the chemical behavior of the atom.
*Electrons of inner shells do NOT take part in bonding*
When the valence shell of an atom contains 8 electrons, the atom is completely stable and chemically inactive
When the valence shell contains less than 8, the atom will gain, lose, or share electrons with other atoms to reach a stable state
When any of these events occur, chemical bonds are formed
Chemically Inert and Chemically Active Elements (pg. 34)
Types of Chemical Bonds
3 types of chemical bonds
Ionic bonds
Covalent bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Ionic Bonds
Ionic bonds form when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another
Atoms are electrically neutral, but when they gain or lose electrons during bonding, their positive and negative charges are no longer balanced, and charged particles called ions are formed
Negatively charged ions are called anions
Positively charged ions are called cations
*Hint: remember that cation is a positively charged ion by thinking of the “T” as a + sign
Covalent Bonds
Molecules in which atoms share electrons are called covalent molecules, and their bonds are covalent bonds
In some covalent molecules, electrons are shared equally between the atoms of the molecule. These molecules are called nonpolar covalently bonded molecules
*Remember not all electrons are shared equally*
When covalent bonds are made, the molecule formed ALWAYS had a 3D shape
A polar molecule is a molecule with two charged poles
Polar molecules orient themselves toward other polar molecules or charged particles, and they play an important role in chemical reactions that occur in body cells
Covalent Bonds
Hydrogen Bonds
Hydrogen bonds are extremely weak bonds formed when a hydrogen atom bound to one electron-hungry nitrogen or oxygen atom is attracted by another electron-hungry atom, and the hydrogen atom forms a “bridge” between them
Hydrogen bonding is common between water molecules and I reflected in water’s surface tension
The surface tension of water causes it to ball up or form spheres when it sits on a surface and allows some insects to walk on water!
Hydrogen bonds are also important intramolecular bonds. Meaning they help bind different parts of the same molecule together into a special 3D shape
Patterns of Chemical Reactions
Chemical reactions involve the making or breaking of bonds between atoms.
The total number of atoms remains the same, but the atoms appear in new combinations
Most chemical reactions have one of these three patterns
Synthesis Reactions
Decomposition Reactions
Exchange Reactions
Synthesis Reactions
Synthesis reactions occur when two or more atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule
A+B-----AB
Synthesis reactions ALWAYS involve bond formation.
Because energy must be absorbed to make bonds, synthesis reactions are energy-absorbing reactions
Synthesis reactions are important for growth and for repair of worn out or damaged tissues
Decomposition Reactions
Decomposition reactions occur when a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules, atoms, or ions
AB-----A+B
Decomposition reactions are synthesis reactions in reverse
Bonds are always broken, and the products of these reactions are smaller and simpler than the original molecules
As bonds are broken, chemical energy is released
Decomposition reactions underlie all destructive processes that occur in body cells. Meaning they are molecule-degrading reactions
Examples of decomposition reactions in the body include: digestion of foods, and the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose when blood sugar levels begin to decline
Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions (pg. 38)
Exchange Reactions (pg. 38)
Exchange reactions involve both synthesis and decomposition reactions. Bonds are both made and broken
During exchange reactions a switch is made between molecule parts, and different molecules are made
AB+C-----AC+B and AB+CD-----AD+CB
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Part One of Biochemistry: Saraelizabeth Parker, Anna Mills, and Geoffrey Myers
Water
Universal solvent Solvent- liquid or gas in which smaller
substances, solutes, can be dissolved or suspended
Salts, acids and bases dissolve easily in water
Water can act as a transport and exchange medium
Lubricant
Abundance
Most abundant inorganic compound in the body
Makes up 2/3 of body weight
Chemical reactivity
Water is an important reactant
Helps break down food
- hydrolysis reaction
Cushioning and High Heat Capacity
Water is protective
- cerebrospinal fluid (brain)
- amniotic fluid (fetus)
Absorbs and releases a lot of heat
Prevents sudden changes in body temperature
Salts
Salts of many different metals can be found in the body.
EX. Iron
The most common salts are Calcium and Phosphorus
Both can be found primarily in bones and teeth
Salts
Salts easily separate into their ions through a process called Dissociation Since Salts are made of Ions, they are made of charged particles.
A salts ability to hold an electrical charge makes it an Electrolyte
Acids and Bases
Measured on a pH scale
Both electrolytes- they ionize, detach in water, and conduct electricity
Ionization-a process in which an atom or molecule loses or gains electrons, acquiring an electric charge or changing an existing charge
Characteristics of Acids
Have a sour taste and can dissolve many metals Lemon juice, coffee, tomato juice
Defined as a substance that releases hydrogen Also known as proton donors Essential acids in the body are hydrochloric, acetic, and
carbonic Strong acids- ionize completely, weak acids- incomplete
ionization Examples of acidic equations:
HCl (hydrochloric acid) H+ (proton) + Cl- (antion)
H2CO3 (carbonic acid) H+ (proton) + HCO3- (anion)
Characteristics of Bases
Bitter taste and feel slippery Ammonia, bleach, and seawater
Proton acceptors Common and inorganic Hydroxyl ions are strong bases When acids and bases interact, called a neutralization
reaction, water and a salt are always formed Example of neutralization:
HCl (acid) + NaOH (base) H2O (water) + NaCl (salt)
Acid-Base Concentrations
Measured on the pH scale Invented by Danish biochemist Sorenson
Based on number of protons per liter in terms of a mole Runs from 0-14 and one pH unit represents a tenfold change
in H ion concentration Acids are lower than 7, bases above, 7 is balanced
Distilled water and human blood is right at 7
Acid-base balance is regulated by lungs, kidneys, and buffers buffers are chemicals present in body fluids Blood is the most critical thing to regulate because of its function
Organic CompoundsBy Parker Drummond, Michael Ester, and Cole Dixon
Organic Compounds
A compound containing carbon.
- ex. 1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Fats
Carbohydrates
Carbs include sugars and starches
- these contain 1.Carbon 2.Hydrogen
3.Oxygen
Carbohydrate means “hydrated carbon”
Carbs are classified by size
- these sizes include 1.Monosaccharides
2.Disaccharides
3.Polysaccharides
-monosaccharide's are the “building block” of
carbohydrates
Carbs continued….
Monosaccharides, or simple sugars, are vital for body function
- glucose is a monosaccharide and is the
universal cellular fluid
Disaccharides, or double sugars, are formed by a process called dehydration synthesis
- ex. 1.Sucrose (found in sugar cane)
2.Lactose (found in milk)
3.Maltose (malt sugar)
- these double sugars are broken down by the body to simple sugars (glucose)
Carbs continued…
Polysaccharides, or many sugars are branching chains of linked simple sugars.
- ex. Starches and Glycogen
- these lack the sweetness of the other two
sugars because of their size
Proteins
•50% of organic matter in the body•Some play different roles•They contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, sometimes nitrogen and sulfur atoms
Amino Acids
Building blocks of proteins -they are join together in chains to form large protein molecules All have amine groupsAcids groupsAll are the same except the r-group
Fibrous and Globular Proteins
Proteins are classes as either fibrous or globular
-this is based overall shape and structure
Appear most often in body structures
-in order to provide strength in body tissues
Globular proteins are mobile
-play a role in all biological processes
-also called functional proteins
Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP- provides a form of chemical energy that is usable energy by body cell
-without it molecules can not be not be made
-without cells cannot maintain their
boundaries
-all life processes would come to a halt
Lipids
Are a large and diverse group of organic compounds
Most abundant lipids in body are triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids
- triglycerides are composed of 2 types of building blocks fatty acids and glycerol
- phospholipids are a phosphorus-containing group is always part of molecule and takes place of one of fatty acids chains
- steroids are flat molecules formed of four interlocking rings
Nucleic Acids
They make up genes, which provide the basic blueprint of life
-they determine what organism you will be
-They direct growth and development
Nucleotide is a building block of nucleic acids
Nucleic acids-the 2 major types are DNA and RNA