COMPUTER SYSTEM

Computer is an electronic device or machine,

which takes data as input and processes it and

after processing it gives its output.

A computer system consists of two components

1. Hardware

2. Software

HARDWARE

Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements that constitutes a computer system.

SPECIFICATION OF COMPUTER HARDWARE:1. Physical2. Component 3. Implementation

STRUCTURE OF COMPUTER HARDWARE:

1. Peripherals Devices2. CPU3. Mother Board4. RAM5. Storage Device6. System Bus

PERIPHERALS DEVICES

The external hardware devices of a computer that provides input and output for the computer.

INPUT DEVICES:The devices, which are used to enter data into computer system, are known as input devices.For example:Keyboard, Mouse ,Touch pad, Joystick & light pen.

OUTPUT DEVICES:The Devices, which are used to receive data from computer system, are known as output devices. For example:Monitor, Printer, Speaker, Plotter & Projector

INPUT DEVICES & OUTPUT DEVICES:

CPU

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNITCPU is the most important internal device attached to Motherhood.

It controls and calculate all functions performed by computer system.

It tests and manipulates data, and transfers information to other components, such as the working memory, disk drive, monitor, and keyboard.

The CPU of PCs are generally implemented on a single chip, called a microprocessor.

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNITMicroprocessor has two main parts:CUCU stands for Control Unit. It is the part in microprocessor, which is used to control all the functions of computer system. It generates all the orders and Instructions.ALUALU stands for Arithmetic Logical Unit .All the processing takes place here .It is the part, which does all arithmetic calculations and logical functions in the Computer System.

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNITThe performance of any CPU is based on these basic features. • Internal Data Bus

• External Data Bus

• Clock Speed

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNITInternal Data BusIt carries data and operations as a standard bus, it is only used for connecting and interacting with internal computer components.

External Data BusThe total amount of data (in Bits) that can flow between CPU and motherboard

Clock SpeedThe average time required by microprocessor to process bit amount of data.It is measured in MHz or GHz.

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNITIntel

16 bit 802868 bit 80864 bit 4004

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNITIntel 32 bit Processor

i486i386i960

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNITIntel Pentium

Intel Pentium Intel Pentium MMXIntel Pentium PRO

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNITIntel Pentium-II

P-II Socket P-II Slot

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNITIntel Pentium-III

P-III Socket P-III Slot

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNITIntel Pentium-IV, Intel Celeron & Intel Pentium D

P-IV Celeron Pentium D

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNITIntel Core 2 Due, Intel Core i7 & Intel Xeon

Core 2 Duo Core i7 Xoen E7

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNITAMD

Duran Opteron Athlon

MOTHERBOARD

MOTHERBOARDAll the other internal and external devices are connected directly or indirectly to motherboard.It is known as Motherboard because it adopts and supports all the attached components.

The motherboard contains the CPU, BIOS, memory, mass storage interfaces, serial and parallel ports, expansion slots, and all the controllers required to control standard peripheral devices.

Some writers call motherboard as System board, Main board, Logic board and also Planner board.

MOTHERBOARD4004 Supported Motherboard

MOTHERBOARD8086 Supported Motherboard

MOTHERBOARD80386 Supported Motherboard

MOTHERBOARDPentium 1 Supported Mother Board

MOTHERBOARDPentium-I Supported Motherboard

MOTHERBOARDPentium-II Supported Motherboard

MOTHERBOARDPentium-III Supported Motherboard

MOTHERBOARDPentium-IV Supported Motherboard

MOTHERBOARDCore 2 Due Supported Motherboard

MOTHERBOARDCore i7 Supported Motherboard

MOTHERBOARDXeon Supported Motherboard

RAM

RAMRandom Access MemoryIt is temporary data storage and is a volatile type of memory. A volatile memory is dependent of electric power.

All the data, which is to be processed, is to be stored in RAM and then CPU will process it, after processing, CPU stores processed data in RAM and then it is transferred to outputting devices.

There are two types of RAM: SRAM & DRAM

RAMSRAM (Static Random Access Memory)Data storage unit in it is flip-flop.Flip-flops are electronic switches made by transistors. So if a switch is ON, it is storing a logical “1” in it and if a switch is OFF, it is storing logical”0” in it.

There are two basic types of Static RAM. • Internal Cache • External Cache

RAMSRAMInternal Cache Internal cache, which is also known as Level-1 Cache or L1 Cache is present inside CPU chip.All the data that is very next to be processed or which is just processed stays in it.

RAMSRAMExternal Cache External Cache, which is also known as Level-2 Cache, or L2 Cache, is the type of cache memory, which is present outside of CPU chip. it was to be provided on motherboard in additional cache cards.

RAMDRAM Dynamic Random Access Memory In this type of memory, data is stored in very small capacitor in form of charges. If a capacitor is charged then it is storing logical “1” in it, and if a capacitor is not containing any charges than it is storing logical “0” in it. Simply one capacitor is used to store one bit of data in DRAM.

RAMDRAMTypes of Dynamic RAM With Respect To the Physical Structure.

• 30 - pin SIMM

• 72 - pin SIMM

• 168-pin DIMM (SD)

• 184-pin RIMM (DDR)

RAMDRAM30-pin SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module)30 pins SIMM is present in farm of a RAM card having 30- pins and no cut on its edge connector. It is 8-Bit technology it means that computer can read or write only eight bits of data in it at a time.

RAMDRAM72-pin SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module)72-pin SIMM is present in form of a RAM card having 72 -pins and a single cut on its edge connector. It is 32-bit technology it means that computer read or writes 32-bits of data in it at a time.

RAMDRAM168-pin DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module)SD (Synchronize Dynamic) 168-pin DIMM is present in form of RAM card having 168 -pins and 2 cuts on its edge connector. It is 64-bit technology it means that, computer read or writes 64-bits of data in it at a time

RAMDRAM184-pin RIMM (Rambus Inline Memory Module)DDR (Double Data Rate)184-pin DIMM is present in form of RAM card having 184 pins and Single cut on its edge connector.

HARD DRIVE

HARD DRIVE Non-removable, magnetic data storage device with one or more flat, circular plates (platters) of a hard material.

The data is written, erased, and overwritten the same way as voice is recorded, wiped off, and re-recorded on the tape in a cassette recorder.

The platters are coated with a magnetically sensitive material, enclosed in vacuum sealed case with the recording heads, and connected to a computer's bus through a interface card.

HARD DRIVE

HARD DRIVE

IDE Hard Disk Drive SATA Hard Disk Drive

OTHER STORAGE DEVICES

SYSTEM BUS

SYSTEM BUS

The term Bus is used for the physical

connections or lines between different devices

so we can define the term “System Bus” as “The

buses present on System board”. We can divide

System Bus into two main categories.

• Internal Bus

• External Bus

SYSTEM BUSInternal BusThese are the buses, which connect all devices present on motherboard with each other.

Following are the types of internal busses.

• Data Bus • Address Bus • Control Bus • Power Bus

SYSTEM BUS

Data Bus

The Bus, which is used to flow the data between

all the components present on motherboard, is

called “Data Bus”

SYSTEM BUS

Address Bus

The Bus, which is used to communicate with the

memory addresses (RAM) , is called Address Bus.

Address Bus identifies the total address of

system RAM.

SYSTEM BUS

Power Bus

Power Bus is used to provide power to all the

components of Motherboard carrying it from

Power connectors.

SYSTEM BUS

Control Bus

The Bus, which carries out the control signals

from Microprocessor to all the components of

motherboard, is called Control Bus.

Microprocessor controls all the functions of

system and sends the control signals or orders

over Control Bus.

SYSTEM BUSExternal Bus These busses are used for the "Expansion" of motherboard. These busses are used to connect "External Devices" like Display Card, Sound card, etc to the system. Following are the different expansion bus architectures.• ISA• PCI• AGP

SYSTEM BUSPCI: PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) bus is the supports both 32-bit and 64-bit data paths.

ISA:The ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) bus is a 16-bit data path.

AGP: Accelerated Graphics Port, is a bus technology developed by Intel to support high speed video cards. The AGP interface uses the RAM to generate 3-D images and video very quickly.

EXPANSION CARD

EXPANSION CARDSound Card:Sound cards enable the computer to output sound through speakers connected to the board, to record sound input from a microphone connected to the computer, and manipulate sound stored on a disk.

EXPANSION CARDLAN Card:A network interface controller (NIC, also known as LAN Card) is a computer hardware component that connects a computer to a computer network.

EXPANSION CARDModem Card:A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information and demodulates the signal to decode the transmitted information.

EXPANSION CARDVGA Card:The video card is an expansion card that allows the computer to send graphical information to a video display device such as a monitor, TV, or projector.

EXPANSION CARDAGP Card:Accelerated Graphics Port developed as an alternative to the PCI standard. AGP interface provides a dedicated bus for graphics data, AGP cards are able to render graphics faster than comparable PCI graphics cards.

PORTS

PORTS

1. PS/ 2 Connectors2. USB (Universal Serial Bus) Ports3. Parallel Port4. Game Port5. Sound card Connectors6. Display Connector7. COM (communications) Port

PORTS

1 - PS/2 Connectors

ATX boards have 2 PS/2 connectors, one for the

mouse and one for the keyboard.

They are the same size the same shape but a

different colour.

PORTS

2 - USB (Universal Serial Bus) Ports

USB stands for Universal Serial Bus. It is a newly

designed interface by INTEL.

The big hype about USB can change the devices

without switching the power off the computer.

PORTS

3 - Parallel Port

The parallel port is mainly used for scanners and

printers, and is associated with LPT1. Parallel

ports send data in parallel i.e. more than one bit

at a time. If the channel is 8bits wide then a

parallel port would send 8 bits at a time.

PORTS

4 - Game Port

The Game port is really just a serial port normally

found on a sound card. The game port is above

the sound connectors. Gamepads and joysticks

plug into the game port.

PORTS

5 - Sound card Connectors

The Sound card that is built into the board has

three connectors, these are Speaker out.

PORTS

6 - Display Connector

Motherboard has onboard graphics, The Display

connector (VGA Connector) is also female

(meaning the pins will be on the end of the

monitor cable.)

PORTS

7 - COM (communications) Port

The COM port is used for peripherals such as

mouse and modems.

BIOS

BIOSBasic Input Output System) An essential set of routines in a PC, which is stored on a chip and provides an interface between the operating system and the hardware.

The BIOS supports all peripheral technologies and internal services such as the real-time clock (time and date).

On startup, the BIOS test the system and prepare the computer for operation by querying its own small CMOS memory bank for drive and other configuration settings.

SOFTWARE

A program is a sequence of instructions to be

executed in the computer for the purpose of

carrying out some specific task.

Before a program executes, it has to be

translated from its original text form (source

program) into a machine language program.

Then, the program needs to be linked and loaded

into memory.

Two general types of software components are:

• System software

• Application software

SYSTEM SOFTWAREThe system software is the set of programs that control the activities and functions of the various hardware components, programming tools and abstractions, and other utilities to monitor the state of the computer system.

The system software forms an environment for the programmers to develop and execute their programs (collectively known as application software)

APPLICATION SOFTWAREApplication software is a set of one or more programs designed to carry out operations for a specific application.

Application programs are developed by individuals and organizations for solving specific problems.

Application software cannot run on itself but is dependent on system software to execute.

OPERATING SYSTEM

OPERATING SYSTEMDEFINITION OF OPERATING SYSTEM

Interface between users and the machine.

Manages hardware and software resources of the system.

Simplifies and manages the complexity of running application programs efficiently..

OPERATING SYSTEM

OPERATING SYSTEMGOALS OF OPERATING SYSTEM

Simplify the execution of user programs and make solving user problems easier.

Use computer hardware efficiently.

Make application software portable and versatile.

Provide isolation, security and protection among user programs.

Improve overall system reliability.

OPERATING SYSTEMFUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM

• Processor Management

• Memory Management

• File Management

• Device Management

• Disk Management

OPERATING SYSTEMFUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM

OPERATING SYSTEMSERVICES OF OPERATING SYSTEM

• Interfaces• Program execution• I/O operations• File-system manipulation• Communications• Error detecting• Resource allocation• Accounting• Security

OPERATING SYSTEMSERVICES OF OPERATING SYSTEM

OPERATING SYSTEMTYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM

• Real-time operating system

• Single-user, single tasking

• Single-user, multi-tasking

• Multi-user, multi-tasking

• Embedded Operating System

OPERATING SYSTEMVIRTUAL MACHINES AND VIRTUALIZATION

• Enables a single PC or server to simultaneously run multiple operating systems or multiple sessions of a single OS.

• The heart of virtualization is the “virtual machine” (VM), each virtual machine is completely separate and independent.

• Host operating system can support a number of virtual machines (VM).

OPERATING SYSTEMVIRTUAL MACHINES AND VIRTUALIZATION

Syed Najam ul HassanMCS-58644, PAF(Kiet)IT Professional, SUPARCO0321-8901510najamthebest@gmail.com

T H A N K S