Competence, Process, and

Assessment StandardsHelena I. R. Agustien

Universitas Negeri Semaranghagustien@yahoo.com

Why we need a CC modelCelce-Murcia et al.’s effort has been motivated by the belief in the potential in the direct, explicit approach to the teaching of communicative skills, which would require a detailed description of what CC entails in order to use the sub-components as a content base in syllabus design.(p.6)

CompetenceDiscourse

Competence

Linguistic Comp.. Actional Comp.

Socio –Cultural Comp.

Strategic Competence

Discourse Competence

Discourse competence concerns the selection, sequencing, and arrangement of words, structures, sentences and utterance to achieve a unified spoken or written text. (p.13)

Components of Discourse Competence

• COHESION Reference, Substutition, Conjuction, Lexical Chains• DEIXES Personal pronouns, Spatial, Temporal, Textual• COHERENCE Thematization, Management of old and new information• GENRE/GENERIC STRUCTURE

Narrative, Report, service encounter, etc.• CONVERSATIONAL STRUCTURE

How to perform opening, hold the floor, adjacency pairs, etc.

Linguistic Competence• Syntax• Morphology• Lexicon• Phonology• Orthography

Actional Competence• Interpersonal Exchange• Information• Opinions• Feelings• Suasion• Problems• Future Scenario

Sociocultural Competence• Social Contextual Factors• Stylistic Appropriateness

Factors• Cultural Factors• Non-Verbal Communicative

Factors

Strategic Competence• Avoidance or Reduction Strategies• Achievement or Compensatory Str.• Stalling or Time-Gaining Str.• Self-Monitoring Str.• Interactional Str.

What do we develop?• The ability to participate in discourse, or• The ability to communicate, or• The ability to create spoken and written

texts, or• The ability to negotiate meanings, or• The ability to exchange nuances of

meanings

How do we develop discourse competence?

By knowing that1. Communication happens in text2. Every text has communicative

purpose3. Every text has structure4. Every text has linguistic features5. Every text is a genre

TEXT

CULTUREGenre (Purpose)

Situation

Who is involved?

(Tenor)

Subject matter Channel

(Field) (Mode)

Register

SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGECONTINUUM

Most Spoken Most Written

Spoken LanguageWritten Language

Language accompanying action Language as reflection

What do people do when communicating?

•They exchange meanings.

Ideational

InterpersonalTextual

Discourse Semantic Level

LexicogrammaticalLevel

Phonology/

Graphology

Level

CULTURAL LEVEL

Syarat pengembangan Syarat pengembangan kompetensi komunikatifkompetensi komunikatif

Scaffolding Talks:Scaffolding Talks:Bahasa yang digunakan guru dalam Bahasa yang digunakan guru dalam

mengelola proses pembelajaran mengelola proses pembelajaran sebagai sebagai

language accompanying action.language accompanying action.

Zone of Proximal Development

Independent

Learning zone

Interactive

discourse

Teacherintervention

Peer-peerinteraction

Peran guruPeran guruMenciptakan pengalaman Menciptakan pengalaman pembelajaranpembelajaranMerancang kegiatanMerancang kegiatanMerancang komunikasiMerancang komunikasiBerperan sebagai “ibu” Berperan sebagai “ibu” dalam pemerolehan bahasa dalam pemerolehan bahasa alamiahalamiah

Learning ExperiencesLearning Experiences

LiteracyLiteracyPrinciplesPrinciplesCollaboration

Interpretation

Convention

Cultural Knowledge

Problem Solving

Reflection

Language USE

LiteracyLiteracy LevelsLevelsPerformative LevelPerformative LevelFunctional LevelFunctional LevelInformational LevelInformational LevelEpistemic LevelEpistemic Level

What is the What is the KEYKEY to creating to creating texts?texts?

Negotiating Negotiating meaningsmeaningsResponding to Responding to interlocutorinterlocutorContinuing own textsContinuing own texts

How do we negotiate?How do we negotiate?

InterpersonallyInterpersonally

LogicosemanticallyLogicosemantically

Where in the sentence does Where in the sentence does interpersonal meaning interpersonal meaning

reside?reside?In the In the MoodMood area area

Mood = Subject + FiniteMood = Subject + FiniteMood expresses:Mood expresses:AttitudesAttitudesFeelingsFeelingsJudgement Judgement Etc.Etc.

Negotiating interpersonallyNegotiating interpersonally

A : A : I amI am sleepy.sleepy.B : B : Are you?Are you?

C : C : I loveI love her. her.D : D : You do, don’t youYou do, don’t you..

E : E : I cleanedI cleaned the room! the room!D : D : No, you didn’tNo, you didn’t!!

When is When is interpersonalinterpersonal negotiation dominant?negotiation dominant?

In In sustained casual sustained casual conversationsconversations* Chatting* Chatting* Gossiping* Gossiping* Killing the time* Killing the time

Negotiating Negotiating logicosemanticallylogicosemantically

A : I am A : I am sleepy.sleepy.B : B : Sleepy or hungrySleepy or hungry??A : A : BothBoth, actually., actually.

C : C : What’What’s your name?s your name?D : D : HartatiHartatiC : C : WhereWhere do you live? do you live?D : D : Jalan DiponegoroJalan Diponegoro..

Negotiation in WritingNegotiation in Writing Focused on Focused on old and new old and new informationinformation

Focused on Focused on Theme and Theme and RhemeRheme

Old and Old and New New InformationInformationOnce upon a time, Once upon a time, there was an old ladythere was an old lady..

She She was very poor, but she was happywas very poor, but she was happy..

She She had a handsome son called Ande-Ande had a handsome son called Ande-Ande Lumut.Lumut.

He He was a fine young manwas a fine young man..

Many girls likedMany girls liked him him..

NegotiationNegotiation is is

* * The Communication EngineThe Communication Engine

* * The key to discourse The key to discourse competencecompetence

Good Luck!Good Luck!