Post on 17-Feb-2019
Lesson 1
Slide 1.1
Comparing Humans From Different Places
Ethiopia
Iraq
Vietnam
India
Lesson 1
Slide 1.2
Chimpanzee
Human
Fruit Fly Mouse
Comparing External Structures
Lesson 1
Slide 1.3
Comparing Limbs
Fruit flywing
Mouse hindfoot
Chimpanzeefoot
Humanfoot
Not to scale!
Lesson 1
Slide 1.4
lobe of brain
Motor control
Smell
Mouse
Motor controlMotor control
Chimpanzee Human
Fly
Not to scale!
smell
smell
Comparing Brains
Lesson 1
Slide 1.5
Me?
How Similar or Different are We From Each Other?
Lesson 1
Slide 1.6
epidermis
melanocytes
Top layer
Cross Section of Skin
Lesson 1
Slide 1.7
Based on what you knowabout skin cells, predictwhat could be the differencebetween light skin and darkskin.
Cross section of Epidermis: Blow up
Melanin taken upby keratinocytes
Lesson 1
Slide 1.8melanocytes
courtesy of Laura P. Hale, M.D. Ph.D., Duke University
Melanocytes
Lesson 1
Slide 1.9courtesy of Laura P. Hale, M.D. Ph.D., Duke University
darkestskin color
lightestskin color
Skin Samples
Lesson 2
Slide 2.1
Special Skin Cells Make Melanin
body
epidermis
How is melanin made inside the melanocytes?
epidermis
melanocytes
tissue
cells
Lesson 2
Slide 2.2
Skin Colors Cross Section of Skin Tissue
Melanocyte
Melanin
Lesson 2
Slide 2.3
Looking inside a melanosome
Oxygen
DOPA
Tyrosine
First step in making melanin:Reaction between two molecules, onetyrosine and one O2 to make DOPA
O O
O
Lesson 2
Slide 2.4
Tyrosinase(enzyme)
Skin cell
•
nuc Oxygen
Tyrosine
O O
Lesson 2
Slide 2.5
Tyrosinase(enzyme)
Skin cell
•
nucDOPA
O
Other enzymes turn help turn DOPAinto melanin.
Lesson 2
Slide 2.6
Lactose intolerance
• Cannot break down lactose, a disaccharidefound in dairy products
• Instead, bacteria in the intestine break downthe lactose, producing gas
• Most children can break down lactose• Most adults in the world cannot break down
lactose - making them lactose intolerant
Lesson 2
Slide 2.7
Cells in Small Intestine Break Down Lactose
intestine cells
How is lactose broken down in intestine cells?
smallintestine
Lactosefrom diet
Lactosebrought
intointestine
cells
Lactosebrokendown
Lesson 2
Slide 2.8
Looking inside small intestine cells
Small intestine cells
lactose
galactose glucose
Lesson 2
Slide 2.9
Looking inside small intestine cells
Small intestine cells
lactoselactase
Lesson 2
Slide 2.10
Looking inside small intestine cells
Small intestine cells
galactose
glucoselactase
Lesson 2
Slide 2.11
Lactase
Lesson 2
Slide 2.12
Protein Structure
Folded chain of amino acids
amino acidChain of
amino acids
Whole protein
Lesson 2
Slide 2.13
Protein Models
Cartoon model Space-filling model Toober model
Lesson 2
Slide 2.14
Modeling Lactase
Lesson 2
Slide 2.15
Key to Toobers
Blue=positive charge (+)K, R, H
Red=negative charge (-)D, E
Yellow=hydrophobicA, V, L, I, P, M, F, W
Green=hydrophilicG, S, T, N, Q, Y
White = cysteineC
Slide 4.1
Lesson 4
How similar or different are cells?
Skin cells Blood cells
Slide 4.2
Lesson 4
1) Prepare gel
Image from powerful microscope
gel
Holes for samplesto be tested
Slide 4.3
Lesson 4
2) Put protein sample in hole
Pipet withsolution ofproteins
Lots of differentsized proteins
Slide 4.4
Lesson 4
3) Include all the samples you want to test
lactase
tyrosinase
Slide 4.5
Lesson 4
4) Provide power to the electrodes
Negatively chargedproteins move
towards positiveelectrode
larger proteins
smaller proteins
Slide 4.6
Lesson 4
5a) Proteins separate based on size
lactase
tyrosinase
Slide 4.7
Lesson 4
5b) Judging the amount of protein
A littlelactase
A lot oflactase
Slide 4.8
Lesson 4
5c) Analyzing RNA
LongerRNA
ShorterRNA
Slide 4.9
Lesson 4
6) Take a picture to record your work
Slide 4.10
Lesson 4
Lactose intolerance in Jason’s family
Lactose intolerance:
1)No (Mom)
2)Yes (Jason)
3)No (Chelsea)
4)No (Maya)
Slide 4.11
Lesson 4
Results: DNA sequence analysis oflactase gene:
Mom: no mutations in lactase genes
Jason: no mutations in lactase genes
Chelsea: no mutations in lactase genes
Maya: no mutations in lactase genes
Slide 4.12
Lesson 4
Results: RNA analysis of lactase gene
21 3
Lactose intolerance:
1) No (Mom)
2) Yes (Jason)
3) No (Chelsea)
4) No (Maya)
4
Slide 4.13
Lesson 4
21 3
Lactose intolerance:
1) No (Mom)
2) Yes (Jason)
3) No (Chelsea)
4) No (Maya)
Why does Jason haveno protein?Why Mom and Chelseahave less protein?
Gel electrophoresis:Lactase samples from 4 people
4
Slide 4.14
Lesson 4
Results: DNA sequence of area nearthe lactase gene
Mom: ATTTGC Jason: ATCTGC
TAAACG TAGACG
ATCTGC ATCTGC
TAGACG TAGACG
Chelsea: ATCTGC Maya: ATTTGC
TAGACG TAAACG
ATTTGC ATTTGC
TAAACG TAAACG
Slide 4.15
Lesson 4Erythropoietin (EPO)
AGCTTCCCGGGATGAGGGCCC
TCGAAGGGCCCTACTCCCGGG
environment
gene
protein
cells
Small amount ofoxygen
O-OO-O
O-OLots ofoxygen
O-O O-OO-O
O-O O-O
O-OO-OO-O
O-O
O-O
gene “on” some of the time gene “on” most of the time
someprotein
lots ofprotein
somecells
lots ofcells
AGCTTCCCGGGATGAGGGCCC
TCGAAGGGCCCTACTCCCGGG
Lesson 5
Slide 5.1
Gene organization
gene chromosome genome
1 set ofinstructions forhow to make 1
protein
Thousands of setsof instructions for
how to makethousands of
proteins (1 book)
All the sets ofinstructions for how
to make all theproteins we need(23 “books” x 2)
All are written in the same alphabet - DNA
Lesson 5
Slide 5.2
Interphase chromosomesUNPACKED
Metaphase ChromosomePACKED
nucleus
Condensed package
Chromosomes: Interphase vs. metaphase
Lesson 5
Slide 5.3
double helix
nucleus
Base Pairs
chromosome
Chromosomes are single strands of DNA
Lesson 5
Slide 5.4
Size of DNASmall piece of DNA
Chromosome 11
135,000,000pairs of DNAbases
41 millimeters=
14 pairs ofDNA bases
0.0000035millimeters
=
Lesson 5
Slide 5.5
Genes in Chromosomes
lactase
LDLreceptor
tyrosinase
hemo-globin
Lesson 5
Slide 5.6
Human Chromosomes: 23 pairs(one from mom, one from dad)
Lesson 5
Slide 5.7
Example of comparing DNA sequences
Human DNA sequence: ATATTCCAAAChimp DNA sequence: ATATTAAAAA
* * * * * * * *
8/10 identical = 80% identical
How similar are two DNA sequences?
Lesson 6
Slide 6.1
Interview with sickle cell patient: pain
normal red blood cells sickled red blood cells
Sickle Cell Disease
Lesson 6
Slide 6.2
Red Blood Cell
Oxygen molecule
Hemoglobinsubunit
Hemoglobin
Lesson 6
Slide 6.3
Hemoglobin gene
Chromosome 11
Chromosomal location of Hemoglobin
Lesson 6
Slide 6.4
Sequence of normal hemoglobin
DNA: CTGACTCCTGAGGAGAAGTCT
GACTGAGGACTCCTCTTCAGA
Amino acids:
Sequence found in sickling hemoglobin
DNA: CTGACTCCTGTGGAGAAGTCT
GACTGAGGACACCTCTTCAGA
Amino acids:
Mutation found in Hemoglobin
Lesson 6
Slide 6.5
Sequence of normal hemoglobin
DNA: CTGACTCCTGAGGAGAAGTCT
GACTGAGGACTCCTCTTCAGA
Amino acids: L T P E E K S
Sequence found in sickling hemoglobin
DNA: CTGACTCCTGTGGAGAAGTCT
GACTGAGGACACCTCTTCAGA
Amino acids: L T P V E K S
Mutation found in Hemoglobin
Lesson 6
Slide 6.6
Normal hemoglobin Sickle Cell hemoglobin
No oxygen
No Oxygen: stuck together No Oxygen: Separate
No Oxygen
Sickle Cell Hemoglobins Stick Together
Lesson 6
Slide 6.7
CTGACTCCTGTGGAGAAGTCT
GACTGAGGACACCTCTTCAGA
L T P E E K S L T P V E K S
CTGACTCCTGAGGAGAAGTCT
GACTGAGGACTCCTCTTCAGADNA
order ofamino acids
proteinshape
cellfunction
Effects of Sickle Cell Mutation
Lesson 6
Slide 6.8
HighfrequencyofMalariacausingmicrobe
% ofpopulationthat hasHbS(Sickle Cellmutation)
Frequency of Sickle Cell Causing Mutationvs. Frequency of Malaria Causing Microbe
Africa Africa