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A Comparative Appraisal ofA Comparative Appraisal ofCognitive Task Analysis inCognitive Task Analysis in
Human-SystemHuman-System InteractionInteractionPresented by
K.M.TripathiConceptualized by
OB Division, DIPR, DRDO, Ministry of
Defence
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Roadmap to the presentationRoadmap to the presentation
Introduction to Human systemIntroduction to Human system(computer) interaction (HSI)(computer) interaction (HSI)
Different methods of task analysis inDifferent methods of task analysis inHSIHSI
Cognitive Task AnalysisCognitive Task Analysis
Steps of CTASteps of CTA Attaining better Human System Co-Attaining better Human System Co-
ordination by CTAordination by CTA
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r o uman ys emr o uman ys emInteractionInteraction
Natural course of developmentNatural course of development
Industrial development
Rapid change during and afterWorld War II
Information technology revolution
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Different tradition to deal with HSI
Ergonomics by Dutch
Work Analysis by French
Functional Task Analysis by British
Currently researchers and practitioners are movingtowards a user centric model of human systeminteraction
What users want to do? What are their
tasks? What are the nature of their task?
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Towards a user centric paradigm ofHuman System Interaction
Human
Computer
Physicalsetting
Tools
Organization and task requirement
LAYER 1
LAYER 2
LAYER 3
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Historical roots to task analysis
Scientific management- Taylor, 1911
Hawthorne studies- 1927-1932
Herzbergs two factor theory- 1966
Hackman and Oldham- 1975 The Socio Technical System Approach
Categories of task analysis
Efficiency oriented task analysis
Solution oriented task analysis
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Use of Task analysis
Safety
Productivity
Allocation of function
Person specification
Job organization and staffing
Task and interface design
Skill and knowledge acquisition
Performance assurance
Provide bases for design decision
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Areas of Task Analysis
Task data collection
Task description
Task requirement evaluation
Task simulation
Task behavior assessment
Stages of Product Development
Conceive
Design
Implement
Operate
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Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA)DefinedIt is to used to evaluate an organizations training
needs the underlying technique, hierarchicaldecomposition analyzes and represents the behavioral aspects of complex tasks such as planning, diagnosis and decision making
Steps in HTA Identification of the goal
Description of the goal
Breaking up the tasks
Determining the stop point
P . C Rule
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Advantages of HTA
Provide a model for task execution
Enabling designers to envision a goal,subtasks and operations
Decomposing complex tasks
Disadvantages of HTA
Need to much expertise
Design centric
Lack of focus on socio-cultural processes
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Cognitive Modeling
How brain and body respond with coordination in a
specific course of situation is given by cognitivepsychologists Norman (1988) Natural Mapping.
Norman et al thought about a Model Human Processor(MHP), which assumes that human being is able toperform different information processing operationssuch as comparing, matching and calculating.
Card et. al. developed the engineering model ofperformance called GOMS. According to Card et alGOMS enables the MHPs characterizations of humanperformance to be applied on task analysis.
The purpose of task analysis is to map out theconstrains imposed on behavior by the nature andfeature of task requirements.
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GOMS stands for Goals, Operations, Methods andSelection rules
G Goals is defined as a set of symbolic structures
that defines a state of affairs to be achieved anddefines a set of methods to achieve it.
O Operators are defined as elementary perceptual,motor or cognitive acts whose execution is
necessary to change any aspect of the usersmental state or to affect the task environment.
M Method is defined as description of proceduresto achieve the goal and is one of the ways thatusers store their knowledge.
S Selection rule determines that how user selects aparticular method, and can be used to predictwhich method the user will select on the basis ofknowledge of task environment
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Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA)
Cognitive task analysis is an extension of traditional
task analysis to yield information about theknowledge, thought processes and goal structuresand that underlies the observable performance.(Chipman, Schragen & Shalin, 2000)
The outcome of CTA is description of performanceobjectives, equipment, conceptual and proceduralknowledge and performance standard used by expertwhile performing the task.
There are more than 100 varieties of cognitive task
analysis developed by the practitioners. Cooke (1994)
in his review categorized these CTA techniques in
three broad families of techniques.
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Observation and interviews
Informal and provide much flexibility
Process tracingMore structuredConceptual technique
Well balanced and most formal
Formal models (Wei and Salveendy, 2004)
use simulation to model task in cognitive domain
The five common steps performed in most of the CTAmethods
Collect preliminary knowledge
Identifying knowledge representation
Applying focused knowledge elicitation method
Analyze and verify data acquired
Format results for the intended application
Four families of CTA methods
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Collect preliminary knowledge
Document analysis
Observation Unstructured interviews
Identifying knowledge representation
Learning hierarchy analysis
Applying focused knowledge elicitation method
Concept, process and principles
Critical decision method
Analyze and verify data acquired
Format result for the intended application
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Advantages of cognitive task analysis
A comprehensive approach
Putting goods of all methods together
Interdisciplinary nature
Constructivist context
Less time taking
Domain as well as holistic focus
Variety
More user centric
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Future researches
Applied Cognitive Task Analysis (ACTA)
Cost effectiveness and cost benefit analysis
Usability of the CTA products
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The dreams of yesterdayare the hopes of today andthe realities of tomorrow
Thank you