CO 7

Chapter 7

Photosynthesis

Name a plant you have seen recently.

What is a plant anyway?7.1 Photosynthetic Organisms

A. Photosynthesis transforms solar energy

B. Organic molecules built by photosynthesis provide both the building blocks and energy for cells.

Figure 7.1b

C. Plants use the raw materials: carbon dioxide and waterD. Chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis

Figure 7.1c

E. Chlorophylls and other pigments involved in absorption of solar energy reside within thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts

Figure 7.2

7.2 Plants as Solar Energy Converters

A. Solar Radiation - Only 42% of solar radiation that hits the earth’s atmosphere reaches surface; most is visible light.

B. Photosynthetic Pigments - Pigments found in chlorophyll absorb various portions of visible light; absorption spectrum.

1. Two major photosynthetic pigments are chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.2. Both chlorophylls absorb violet, blue, and red wavelengths best.3.  Most green is reflected back; this is why leaves appear green.

4. Carotenoids

are yellow-

orange pigments

which absorb

light in violet,

blue, and green

regions.

5. When

chlorophyll

breaks down in

fall, the yellow-

orange pigments

in leaves show

through.

Fall Foliage Slideshow

C. Absorption and action spectrum - A spectrophotometer measures the amount of light that passes through a sample of pigments.

1) As different wavelengths are passed through, some are absorbed.2) Graph of percent of light absorbed at each wavelength is absorption spectrum.

3) Photosynthesis produces oxygen; production of oxygen is used to measure the rate of photosynthesis.4) Oxygen production and, therefore, photosynthetic activity is measured for plants under each specific wavelength; plotted on a graph, this produces an action spectrum.5) Since the action spectrum resembles absorption spectrum, this indicates that chlorophylls contribute to photosynthesis.

D. Photosynthetic Reaction1. In 1930 C. B. van Niel showed that O2 given off by photosynthesis comes from water and not from CO2.2. The net equation reads:

E. Two Sets of Reactions in Photosynthesis

1. Light reactions cannot take place unless light is present. They are the energy-capturing reactions.

b. Chlorophyl within thylakoid membranes absorbs solar energy and energizes electrons.c. Energized electrons move down the electron transport system; energy is captures and used for ATP production.d. Energized electrons are also taken up by NADP+, becoming NADPH.

2. Calvin Cycle Reactionsa. These reactions take place in the stroma; can occur in either the light or the dark.b. These are synthesis reactions that use NADPH and ATP to reduce CO2.

-- and make a carbohydrate, sugar

What you should know by now..

1.  The equation for photosynthesis.  Write it!

2.  The structure of a chloroplast.  Sketch it!

3.  Compare Absorption Spectrum to Action Spectrum.  Color it!

4.  Compare the two stages of photosynthesis and their products.  Chart it!

**Things are about to get much more difficult**

7.3 The Light Reactions

1.  Two paths operate within the thylakoid membrane

                         noncyclic              and                cyclic

                          *straight line                       *in a circle

2.  Both paths use ATP, but the noncyclic also produces NADPH

3.  PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION = ATP production        also called CHEMIOSMOSIS

1. Light hits photosystem II and exites an electron, H202.  The primary electron acceptor passes the electron down the ETC and generates ATP3. Light is required for PSI, but not water, it generates NADPH

Something trivial....

Photosystem I and Photosystem II are named based on when they were discovered, PSI was established first.

Figure 7.5

Indicate which system  (PS1 or PS2 or BOTH)

____1.  Splits water____2.  Produces NADPH____3.  Has an electron transport chain____4.  Requires light____5.  Utilizes a primary electron acceptor____6.  Occurs in the thylakoid____7.  Requires the input of H20____8.  The cyclic path____9.  Uses chlorophyll____10.  Releases oxygen

Are you still confused?    This is pretty hard to visualize, but through the magic of technology, we can watch these processes as animations

McGraw Hill Animation

Forest Biology - The Light Reactions

7.3   Light Reactions      A.  Two Pathways   B.  Noncyclic   C.  Cyclic

   D.   ATP Production  -->  CHEMIOSMOSIS

           When H20 is split, two H+ remain           These H+ are pumped from the stroma into the thylakoid            This creates a gradient used to produce ATP from ADP

ATP is the whole point of Photosystem II and will be used to power the Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

Figure 7.7

http://youtube.com/v/mYbMPwmwx88

Chemiosmosis is difficult to visualize.

So... you get to color it! Yay!  coloring!

The Calvin Cycle  

Also called

*The Light Independent Reactions*The Dark Reactions

*Named after Melvin Calvin, who used a radioactive isotope of carbon to trace the reactions.

The Calvin Cycleis a series of reactions producing carbohydrates.

carbon dioxide fixation, carbon dioxide reduction, and regeneration of RuBP.

FIXATION

REDUCTION

REGENERATION

B. Fixation of Carbon Dioxide

1. CO2 fixation is the attachment of CO2 to an organic compound called RuBP.2. RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate) is a five-carbon molecule that combines with carbon dioxide.

3. The enzyme RuBP carboxylase (rubisco) speeds this reaction; this enzyme comprises 20–50% of the protein content of chloroplasts

Calvin Cycle AnimationMainly this is a reshuffling of carbons using ATP and NADPH as energy

G3P can be converted into other things

Fortunately....

Summary Statements:   

What is the purpose of the Calvin Cycle?  

Where does the cell get its energy to perform these reactions?

What is the final product? 

AP Biology no longer requires the memorization of every step of the Calvin Cycle, but you should understand the beginning and the end and what it's purpose is.  

What Factors the Affect Photosynthesis? 1. Light Quality (color)2. Light intensity3. Light Period4. Carbon Dioxide Availability5. Water Availability

*Design an experiment to test ONE of the above factors*

Photosynthesis Simulation

WaterweedSimulator

In order for photosynthesis to occur, plants must open tiny pores on their leaves called STOMATA.

Opening these pores can lead to loss of water.

Some Plant Taxonomy

Alternative Pathways The Calvin Cycle is the MOST Common Pathway for Carbon Fixation. Plant Species that fix Carbon EXCLUSIVELY through the Calvin Cycle are known as C3 PLANTS.   Plants in hot dry environments have a problem with water loss, so they keep their stomata partly closed... this results in CO2  deficit (Used in Calvin Cycle), and the level of O2

RISES                 (as Light reactions Split Water Molecules).

Figure 7.10

C4 plants and CAM plants use an alternate pathway to FIX carbon dioxide from the air.

Figure 7.11

THE CAM PATHWAY - Plants that use the CAM Pathway open their stomata at night and close during the day. At night, CAM Plants take in CO2 and fix into organic compounds. During the day, CO2 is released from these Compounds and enters the Calvin Cycle. Because they have their stomata open only at night, they grow slow.

Quick Practice

Quick Practice

thylakoid

O2

stroma

grana

Pg 129b

Light & H2O

O2

CO2

glucose

ATP

NADPH

ADP

NADP

A = photosystem IIB = photosystem IC = H20D = Electron Transport ChainE = ATP Synthase

AB = ATPAC = phospholipidsAD = light (energy)

The ABC's of Photosynthesis

1.  Check out some these alphabet books for inspiration

      The Absurd Alphabet  |  The Butterfly Alphabet

Optional Activity:

2.   As a group create your own alphabet book.  You can use all letters or combine letters into groups  [ A B ]   [ C D ]  etc.  You should have at LEAST ten concepts with an illustration and description.