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Cloud Computing Basics
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Introduction
Cloud computing is the delivery ofcomputing asa service rather than a product, whereby sharedresources, software, and information are
provided to computers and other devices as ametered service over a network (typicallythe Internet)
Computing cloud provide computation, software,
data access and storage resources withoutrequiring cloud users to know the location andother details of the computing infrastructure.
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End users access cloud based applications througha web browser or a light weight desktop or mobileapp while the business software and data are stored
on servers at a remote location. Cloud application providers strive to give the same or
better service and performance as if the softwareprograms were installed locally on end-user computers.
At the foundation of cloud computing is the broaderconcept of infrastructure convergence (or ConvergedInfrastructure) and shared services. This type of datacentre environment allows enterprises to get their
applications up and running faster, with easiermanageability and less maintenance, and enables IT tomore rapidly adjust IT resources (such as servers,storage, and networking) to meet fluctuating andunpredictable business demand.
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Comparison
Autonomic computing Computer systems
capable ofself-management. Clientserver model Clientserver
computing refers broadly to any distributed
application that distinguishes between serviceproviders (servers) and service requesters (clients).
Grid computing "A form
of distributed and parallel computing, whereby a
'super and virtual computer' is composed of a
cluster of networked, loosely coupled computers
acting in concert to perform very large tasks."
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Mainframe computer Powerful computers
used mainly by large organizations for critical
applications, typically bulk data processing
such as census, industry and consumer
statistics, police and secret intelligenceservices, enterprise resource planning, and
financial transaction processing.
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Utility computing The "packaging
ofcomputing resources, such as computationand storage, as a metered service similar to atraditional public utility, such as electricity.
Peer-to-peer Distributed architecturewithout the need for central coordination,with participants being at the same time both
suppliers and consumers of resources (incontrast to the traditional clientservermodel).
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CharacteristicsCloud computing exhibits the following key
characteristics: Empowerment of end-users of computing
resources by putting the provisioning of thoseresources in their own control, as opposed to the
control of a centralized IT service (for example) Application programming interface (API)
accessibility to software that enables machines tointeract with cloud software in the same way the
user interface facilitates interaction betweenhumans and computers. Cloud computingsystems typically use REST-based APIs.
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Cost is claimed to be reduced and in a public cloud deliverymodel capital expenditure is converted to operationalexpenditure. This is purported to lower barriers to entry, asinfrastructure is typically provided by a third-party and does
not need to be purchased for one-time or infrequentintensive computing tasks. Pricing on a utility computing basisis fine-grained with usage-based options and fewer IT skillsare required for implementation (in-house).
Device and location independence enable users to accesssystems using a web browser regardless of their location orwhat device they are using (e.g., PC, mobile phone). Asinfrastructure is off-site (typically provided by a third-party)and accessed via the Internet, users can connect from
anywhere.
Virtualization technology allows servers and storage devicesto be shared and utilization be increased. Applications can beeasily migrated from one physical server to another.
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Multi-tenancy enables sharing of resources and costsacross a large pool of users thus allowing for: Centralization of infrastructure in locations with lower
costs (such as real estate, electricity, etc.)
Peak-load capacity increases (users need not engineer forhighest possible load-levels)
Utilization and efficiency improvements for systems thatare often only 1020% utilized.
Reliability is improved if multiple redundant sites areused, which makes well-designed cloud computingsuitable for business continuity and disaster recovery.
Scalability and Elasticity via dynamic ("on-demand") provisioning of resources on a fine-grained,
self-service basis near real-time, without users havingto engineer for peak loads.
Performance is monitored, and consistent and looselycoupled architectures are constructed using webservices as the system interface.
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Security could improve due to centralization of data,increased security-focused resources, etc., but concerns canpersist about loss of control over certain sensitive data, andthe lack of security for stored kernels. Security is often as
good as or better than other traditional systems, in partbecause providers are able to devote resources to solvingsecurity issues that many customers cannot afford. However,the complexity of security is greatly increased when data isdistributed over a wider area or greater number of devices
and in multi-tenant systems that are being shared byunrelated users. In addition, user access to security auditlogs may be difficult or impossible. Private cloud installationsare in part motivated by users' desire to retain control overthe infrastructure and avoid losing control of informationsecurity.
Maintenance of cloud computing applications is easier,because they do not need to be installed on each user'scomputer and can be accessed from different places.
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History The term "cloud" is used as a metaphor for the
Internet, based on the cloud drawing used in thepast to represent the telephone network, and laterto depict the Internet in computer networkdiagrams as an abstraction of the underlying
infrastructure it represents. The ubiquitous availability of high capacity
networks, low cost computers and storage devicesas well as the widespread adoption
of virtualization, service-orientedarchitecture, autonomic, and utility computinghave led to a tremendous growth in cloudcomputing.
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The underlying concept ofcloud computing datesback to the 1960s, when John McCarthy opinedthat "computation may someday be organized as
a public utility." Almost all the modern-daycharacteristics of cloud computing like elasticprovision, provided as a utility, online, illusion ofinfinite supply, the comparison to the electricityindustry and the use of public, private,
government, and community forms werethoroughly explored in Douglas Parkhill's 1966book, The Challenge of the Computer Utility.Other scholars have shown that roots of cloud
computing go all the way back to the 1950s whenscientist Herb Grosch (the author ofGrosch's law)postulated that the entire world would operateon dumb terminals powered by about 15 largedata centers.
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The actual term "cloud" borrows from telephony in
that telecommunications companies, who until the
1990s offered primarily dedicated point-to-point
data circuits, began offering Virtual Private
Network (VPN) services with comparable quality of
service but at a much lower cost. By switching traffic
to balance utilization as they saw fit, they were able
to utilize their overall network bandwidth more
effectively. The cloud symbol was used to denote the
demarcation point between that which was the
responsibility of the provider and that which was theresponsibility of the user. Cloud computing extends
this boundary to cover servers as well as the network
infrastructure.
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After the dot-com bubble, Amazon played a
key role in the development of cloud
computing by modernizing their data centers,which, like most computer networks, were
using as little as 10% of their capacity at any
one time, just to leave room for occasional
spikes. Amazon initiated a new product
development effort to provide cloud
computing to external customers, and
launched Amazon Web Service (AWS) ona utility computing basis in 2006.
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In early 2008, Eucalyptus became
the first open-source, AWS API-
compatible platform for
deploying private clouds.
In early 2008,OpenNebula,
became the first open-source
software for deploying privateand hybrid clouds, and for the
federation of clouds.
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By mid-2008, Gartner saw an opportunity
for cloud computing "to shape the
relationship among consumers of ITservices, those who use IT services and
those who sell them" and observed that
organizations are switching from company-owned hardware and software assets to
per-use service-based models" so that the
"projected shift to cloud computing ... willresult in dramatic growth in IT products in
some areas and significant reductions in
other areas."
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LayersOnce an internet protocol connection is established among several computers, it is possible
to share services within any one of the following layers.
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Client
Users access cloud computing using networked
client devices, such as desktopcomputers, laptops, tablets and smartphones.Some of these devices - cloud clients - rely oncloud computing for all or a majority of their
applications so as to be essentially uselesswithout it. Examples are thin clients and thebrowser-based Chromebook. Many cloudapplications do not require specific software onthe client and instead use a web browser tointeract with the cloud application. With AJAXand HTML5 these Web user interfaces canachieve a similar or even better look and feel asnative applications.
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Application Cloud application services or "Software as a Service (SaaS)"
deliver software as a service over the Internet, eliminating
the need to install and run the application on thecustomer's own computers and simplifying maintenanceand support.
A cloud application is software provided as a service. Itconsists of the following: a package of interrelated tasks,
the definition of these tasks, and the configuration files,which contain dynamic information about tasks at run-time. Cloud tasks provide compute, storage,communication and management capabilities. Tasks can becloned into multiple virtual machines, and are accessible
through application programmable interfaces (API). Cloudapplications are a kind of utility computing that can scaleout and in to match the workload demand. Cloudapplications have a pricing model that is based on differentcompute and storage usage, and tenancy metrics.
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What makes a cloud application different from otherapplications is its elasticity. Cloud applications have theability to scale out and in. This can be achieved bycloning tasks in to multiple virtual machines at run-time to meet the changing work demand.
SOA is an umbrella that describes any kind ofservice. Acloud application is a service. A cloud application is a
SOA application that runs under a specificenvironment, which is the cloud computingenvironment (platform). This environment ischaracterized by horizontal scalability, rapidprovisioning, ease of access, and flexible prices. While
SOA is a business model that addresses the businessprocess management, cloud architecture addressesmany technical details that are environment specific,which makes it more a technical model.
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Platform Cloud platform services, also known as platform as a
service (PaaS), deliver a computing
platform and/or solution stack as a service, oftenconsuming cloud infrastructure and sustaining cloudapplications. It facilitates deployment of applicationswithout the cost and complexity of buying and managingthe underlying hardware and software layers. Cloud
computing is becoming a major change in the computingindustry, and one of the most important parts of thischange is the shift of cloud platforms. Platforms letdevelopers write certain applications that can run in thecloud, or even use services provided by the cloud. There
are different names being used for platforms which caninclude the on-demand platform, or Cloud 9. Regardless ofthe nomenclature, they all have great potential indeveloping, and when development teams createapplications for the cloud, each must build its own cloudplatform.
I f t t
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Infrastructure
Cloud infrastructure services, also known as
"infrastructure as a service" (IaaS), delivercomputer infrastructure typically a platform
virtualization environment as a service, along
with raw (block) storage and networking. Rather
than purchasing servers, software, data-centerspace or network equipment, clients instead buy
those resources as a fully outsourced service.
Suppliers typically bill such services on a utilitycomputing basis; the amount of resources
consumed (and therefore the cost) will typically
reflect the level of activity.
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Server
The Layers contain both hardware and
software, these are the layers on the server.
products that are specifically designed for the
delivery of cloud services, including multi-coreprocessors, cloud-specific operating systems
and combined offerings.
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Cloud Computing Types
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Public cloud
A public cloud is one based on the standard
cloud computing model, in which a service
provider makes resources, such as
applications and storage, available to thegeneral public over the Internet. Public cloud
services may be free or offered on a pay-per-
usage model.
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Community cloud
Community cloud shares infrastructurebetween several organizations from a specificcommunity with common concerns (security,
compliance, jurisdiction, etc.), whethermanaged internally or by a third-party andhosted internally or externally. The costs arespread over fewer users than a public cloud
(but more than a private cloud), so only someof the cost savings potential of cloudcomputing are realized.
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Hybrid cloud
Hybrid cloud is a composition of two or more
clouds (private, community, or public) that
remain unique entities but are bound
together, offering the benefits of multipledeployment models. It can also be defined as
multiple cloud systems that are connected in a
way that allows programs and data to bemoved easily from one deployment system to
another.
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Private cloud
Private cloud is infrastructure operated solely fora single organization, whether managedinternally or by a third-party and hostedinternally or externally.
They have attracted criticism because users "stillhave to buy, build, and manage them" and thusdo not benefit from less hands-on
management, essentially "[lacking] the economicmodel that makes cloud computing such anintriguing concept".
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Architecture Cloud architecture, the systems architecture of
the software systems involved in the deliveryof cloud computing, typically involves
multiple cloud components communicating
with each other over a loosecoupling mechanism such as a messaging
queue. Elastic provision implies intelligence in
the use of tight or loose coupling as applied tomechanisms such as these and others.
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Cloud Computing Sample Architecture
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The Intercloud
The Intercloud is an interconnected global
"cloud of clouds" and an extension of
the Internet "network of networks" on which
it is based.
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Cloud engineering
Cloud engineering is the application
ofengineering disciplines to cloud computing. Itbrings a systematic approach to the high level
concerns of commercialization, standardization,
and governance in conceiving, developing,operating and maintaining cloud computing
systems. It is a multidisciplinary method
encompassing contributions from diverse areassuch as systems, software,
web, performance, information, security, platfor
m, risk, and quality engineering.
I P i
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Issues - Privacy The cloud model has been criticized by privacy
advocates for the greater ease in which the
companies hosting the cloud services control,
thus, can monitor at will, lawfully or unlawfully,
the communication and data stored between the
user and the host company. Instances such asthe secret NSA program, working with AT&T,
and Verizon, which recorded over 10 million
phone calls between American citizens, causesuncertainty among privacy advocates, and the
greater powers it gives to telecommunication
companies to monitor user activity.
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While there have been efforts (such as US-EU
Safe Harbor) to "harmonies" the legal
environment, providers such as Amazon stillcater to major markets (typically the United
States and the European Union) by deploying
local infrastructure and allowing customers to
select "availability zones." Cloud computing
poses privacy concerns because the service
provider at any point in time, may access the
data that is on the cloud. They couldaccidentally or deliberately alter or even
delete some info.
I C li
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Issues - Compliance In order to obtain compliance with regulations
including FISMA, HIPAA, and SOX in the United States,
the Data Protection Directive in the EU and the credit cardindustry's PCI DSS, users may have toadopt community or hybrid deployment modes that aretypically more expensive and may offer restricted benefits.
Many providers also obtain SAS 70 Type II certification, butthis has been criticized on the grounds that the hand-picked set of goals and standards determined by theauditor and the auditee are often not disclosed and canvary widely. Providers typically make this information
available on request, under non-disclosure agreement.
Customers in the EU contracting with cloud providersestablished outside the EU/EEA have to adhere to the EUregulations on export of personal data.
Issues Legal
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FISMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIPAAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarboxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Protection_Directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Protection_Directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Protection_Directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Protection_Directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Protection_Directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarboxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Protection_Directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_Card_Industry_Data_Security_Standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Protection_Directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_Card_Industry_Data_Security_Standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement_on_Auditing_Standards_No._70:_Service_Organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement_on_Auditing_Standards_No._70:_Service_Organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement_on_Auditing_Standards_No._70:_Service_Organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement_on_Auditing_Standards_No._70:_Service_Organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement_on_Auditing_Standards_No._70:_Service_Organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement_on_Auditing_Standards_No._70:_Service_Organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement_on_Auditing_Standards_No._70:_Service_Organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement_on_Auditing_Standards_No._70:_Service_Organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_Card_Industry_Data_Security_Standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_Card_Industry_Data_Security_Standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_Card_Industry_Data_Security_Standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Protection_Directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Protection_Directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Protection_Directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Protection_Directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Protection_Directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarboxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIPAAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FISMA7/29/2019 Cloud Computing Basics - Presentation 1
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Issues - Legal
As can be expected with any revolutionarychange in the landscape of global computing,
certain legal issues arise; everything from
trademark infringement, security concerns to
the sharing of propriety data resources.
Issues Open Source
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Issues Open Source Open-source software has provided the
foundation for many cloud computingimplementations, one prominent example
being the Hadoop framework.
In November 2007, the Free SoftwareFoundation released the Affero General
Public License, a version ofGPLv3 intended
to close a perceived legalloophole associated with free
software designed to be run over a
network.
I O St d d
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Issues Open Standards
Most cloud providers expose APIs that are
typically well-documented (often undera Creative Commons license) but also unique
to their implementation and thus not
interoperable. Some vendors have adopted
others' APIs and there are a number of open
standards under development, with a view to
delivering interoperability and portability.
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Issues - Security
As cloud computing is achieving increased
popularity, concerns are being voiced about
the security issues introduced through
adoption of this new model. The effectivenessand efficiency of traditional protection
mechanisms are being reconsidered as the
characteristics of this innovative deploymentmodel differ widely from those of traditional
architectures.
Th l ti it f l d ti i i
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The relative security of cloud computing services is acontentious issue that may be delaying its adoption. Issuesbarring the adoption of cloud computing are due in largepart to the private and public sectors' unease surrounding
the external management of security-based services. It isthe very nature of cloud computing-based services, privateor public, that promote external management of providedservices. This delivers great incentive to cloud computingservice providers to prioritize building and maintaining
strong management of secure services. Security issues havebeen categorized into sensitive data access, datasegregation, privacy, bug exploitation, recovery,accountability, malicious insiders, management consolesecurity, account control, and multi-tenancy issues.Solutions to various cloud security issues vary, fromcryptography, particularly public key infrastructure (PKI), touse of multiple cloud providers, standardization of APIs,and improving virtual machine support and legal support.
Issues Sustainability
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Issues - Sustainability Although cloud computing is often assumed to be a form of
"green computing", there is as of yet no published study to
substantiate this assumption.
Siting the servers affects theenvironmental effects of cloud computing. In areas whereclimate favors natural cooling and renewable electricity isreadily available, the environmental effects will be moremoderate. (The same holds true for "traditional" datacenters.) Thus countries with favorable conditions, such asFinland, Sweden and Switzerland, are trying to attractcloud computing data centers. Energy efficiency in cloudcomputing can result from energy-aware scheduling andserver consolidation. However, in the case of distributedclouds over data centers with different source of energies
including renewable source of energies, a smallcompromise on energy consumption reduction could resultin high carbon footprint reduction.
Issues Abuse
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Issues - Abuse
As with privately purchased hardware,
crackers posing as legitimate customers canpurchase the services of cloud computing for
nefarious purposes. This includes password
cracking and launching attacks using the
purchased services. In 2009, a banking
trojan illegally used the popular Amazon
service as a command and control channel
that issued software updates and malicious
instructions to PCs that were infected by the
malware.
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Research
In October 2007 the Academic Cloud ComputingInitiative (ACCI) was announced as a multi-universityproject designed to enhance students' technicalknowledge to address the challenges of cloudcomputing.
In April 2009 the St Andrews Cloud Computing Co-laboratory was launched , focusing on research in theimportant new area of cloud computing. Unique in the
UK, StACC aims to become an international centre ofexcellence for research and teaching in cloudcomputing and will provide advice and information tobusinesses interested in using cloud-based services
http://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.tclouds-project.eu/7/29/2019 Cloud Computing Basics - Presentation 1
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In October 2010, the TClouds (Trustworthy Clouds) projectwas started, funded by the European Commision's 7thFramework Programme. The project's goal is to research
and inspect the legal foundation and architectural designto build a resilient and trustworthy cloud-of-cloudinfrastructure on top of that. The project also develops aprototype to demonstrate its results.
In December 2010, the TrustCloud research project wasstarted by HP Labs Singapore to address transparency andaccountability of cloud computing via detective, data-centric approaches encapsulated in a five-layer TrustCloudFramework. The team identified the need for monitoringdata life cycles and transfers in the cloud, leading to thetackling of key cloud computing security issues such ascloud data leakages, cloud accountability and cross-national data transfers in transnational clouds.
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In July 2011 the High Performance ComputingCloud (HPCCLoud) project was kicked-off aimingat finding out the possibilities of enhancing
performance on cloud environments whilerunning the scientific applications - developmentof HPCCLoud Performance Analysis Toolkit whichwas funded by CIM-Returning Experts
Programme - under the coordination of Prof. Dr.Shajulin Benedict.
In June 2011 the Telecommunications Industry
Association developed a Cloud Computing WhitePaper, to analyze the integration challenges andopportunities between cloud services andtraditional U.S. telecommunications standards.
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