Clauses, Phrases & Sentence TypesEnglish 10 Academic

Mrs. Llanos

Phrases

Clauses

Sentence

TypesIndependent

Dependent

Fragments

Fused

Simple

Compound

ComplexCompound-Complex

Dependent Clauses in Complex

Sentences

Independent & Dependent (Subordinate) Clauses

Expresses a complete thought and can stand

alone as a complete sentence

Does not express a complete thought and

cannot stand alone as a sentence

a group of words that contains a subject and a verb

Expresses a complete thought and can stand

alone as a complete sentence

Does not express a complete thought and

cannot stand alone as a sentence

Independent & Subordinate Clauses

Practice: Identify the italicized words as independent or subordinate clauses.

1. Before you sign up for a vacation trip, read the fine print.

2. Most tour companies are responsible operators.

3. However, travelers must agree to their terms and conditions.

4. Whenever you see the word “liability,” read the text carefully.

5. Pay attention to the details as you read.

Practice: Identify the italicized words as independent or subordinate clauses.

6. Tour companies hire outside services, but they aren’t responsible for mishaps with those services.

7. If the airline loses your luggage, the tour company isn’t accountable.

8. When there’s no heat in the mountain lodge, the tour guide can only sympathize.

9. In fact, he or she will probably complain as much as you will.

10.Of course, no one is responsible if Mother Nature rains on your vacation.

Simple & Compound Sentences

1. Simple Sentence = one independent clause

Ex: The cow jumps over the moon.

2. Compound Sentence = two or more independent clauses joined by conjunction(s)

- Independent clauses may be joined by a semicolon (used alone or with a transition).

Ex: The cow jumps over the moon, and the fork ran away with

the spoon.

Subject + Verb + Complete Thought

Conjunctions = connectors

Simple & Compound Sentences

Simple & Compound Sentences

Simple & Compound Sentences

Simple & Compound Sentences

part of a sentence has been left out

A fragment doesn’t convey a complete thought.

Sentence Fragments

My little sister has a dance recital tonight.Missing Subject

My mother sat up all night sewing her costume.

My sister will dance the part of the leading ladybug.

She is scheduled to perform at the end of the recital.

I feel I ought to go, since she goes to all my soccer games.OR

Since She goes to all my soccer games.

Missing Verb

Missing Helping Verb

Missing Subject & Verb

Subordinate Clause

Sentence Fragments

In 1865 Western Union needed a telegraph cable. To link

America to Europe. Before they could lay the cable across

Siberia. Someone needed to survey the land. The task of

surveying to George Kennan, an accomplished telegrapher.

went

Sentence Fragments

two or more sentences have been run together without adequate punctuation

It doesn’t show clearly where one idea begins and another ends.

Fused Sentences

In 1972, a company called Atari created the first

video game. It was called Pong.

Missing End Mark

Comma Splice (Two complete thoughts are separated only by a comma.)

By modern standards it was a very simple game, but it quickly

achieved great popularity.

By modern standards it was a very simple game; it quickly achieved great popularity.

By modern standards it was a very simple game. It quickly achieved great popularity.

Fused (Run-On) Sentences

Kennan was not a linguist, he thought

Russian was impossible to learn.

Fused (Run-On) Sentences

Fused (Run-On) Sentences

Fused (Run-On) Sentences

Fused (Run-On) Sentences

Fused (Run-On) Sentences

Complex SentencesComplex Sentence = one independent clause + 1 or more

dependent clauses

Ex: While Mary cooks dinner, she watches the evening news.

Subject + Verb + Complete Thought

Complex Sentences

Complex Sentences

Dependent Clauses in Complex Sentences

although what(ever) where(ver)

before that because

when(ever) which(ever) during

if (even) though who(m)(ever)

while after since

Dependent Clauses in Complex Sentences

Dependent Clauses in Complex Sentences

Dependent Clauses in Complex Sentences

Compound-Complex Sentences

Compound-Complex Sentence = 2 independent clauses joined

by a conjunction + 1 or more dependent clause(s)

Ex: I read Frankenstein, which Mary Shelley wrote, and I

reported on it.

Subject + Verb + Complete Thought

Compound-Complex Sentences

Compound-Complex Sentences

Sentence Type Review

Sentence Type Review