Post on 18-Dec-2015
ClassificationClassification
The grouping of organisms based on characteristics
Taxonomy – The scientific naming and classifying of organisms
ClassificationClassificationWhy do we use classification
systems?
To make organisms easier to study and understand
Elk
Norway Here in the U.S.
Classification Classification Old way to classify is the
polynomial system (until the mid-1700’s)◦They grouped plants and animals
into genera (genus) and then put descriptive words on the front
Apis pubescens, thorace subgriseo, abdomine fusco, pedibus posticis glabis, untrinque margine ciliatus
Linnaeus system of Linnaeus system of classificationclassificationCarl Linnaeus –
◦Swedish Biologist◦ lived from 1707-
1778◦Father of
taxonomy◦Developed the
hierarchical system of classification and binomial nomenclature
Linnaeus classificationLinnaeus classificationIt is Universal!!! (Latin)Each level of
classification is based on characteristics shared by each member of the group◦Each level becomes more
specific◦Ex. The domain is less
specific than the kingdom
Hierarchical structureHierarchical structureFirst nameLast name AddressStreetCityStateZip codeCountry
Three Domains – archaea, Three Domains – archaea, bacteria, eukariabacteria, eukaria
Classification of the Classification of the European HoneybeeEuropean Honeybee• Domain – Eukarya• Kingdom – Animalia• Phylum – Arthropoda• Class – Insecta• Order – Hymenoptera• Family – Apidae• Genus – Apis• Species - mellifera
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Binomial nomenclatureBinomial nomenclature• Binomial (from bi, meaning two)
Nomenclature (meaning names)• The two part name of an
organism is the scientific name–Ex. Mountain lion (Puma concolor)–The first letter of the genus is always
capitalized and the first letter of the species is always lowercase
– It is always italicized if typed underlined if hand written
Hierarchical structureHierarchical structureFirst nameLast name AddressStreetCityStateZip codeCountry
Classification of the Classification of the European HoneybeeEuropean Honeybee• Domain – Eukarya• Kingdom – Animalia• Phylum – Arthropoda• Class – Insecta• Order – Hymenoptera• Family – Apidae• Genus – Apis• Species - mellifera
Scientific name: Apis mellifera
Classification based on Classification based on evolutionary historyevolutionary historyPhylogeny –
evolutionary history
Classification should be based on phylogeny
How to read an evolutionary How to read an evolutionary treetree
• Time moves upward
• Nodes represents common ancestor
How to read an evolutionary How to read an evolutionary treetree
How to read an evolutionary How to read an evolutionary treetree◦ In-group is the
group that is being analyzed
◦ Out-group is closely related to the in-group but not in the clade
What would you use to make What would you use to make an evolutionary tree? (to an evolutionary tree? (to infer evolutionary infer evolutionary relationships)relationships)Genetic dataMorphologyFossil evidenceEcological niche
What we use to construct an What we use to construct an evolutionary treeevolutionary tree
Ancestral characteristics◦ Evolved from a
common ancestor of both groups (old trait)
Derived characteristics◦ An ancestor of one
group but not the other (new trait)
Be carful for convergent Be carful for convergent evolutionevolutionHomology -
characters are similar because of shared ancestory
Analogy – characters are similar because of convergent evolution◦ Ex. Wings in a bat,
insect, and bird – wings were not in a common ancestor. This is called an analogous structure.
Convergent evolutionConvergent evolution
How has phylogenetics How has phylogenetics affected old groups affected old groups
Clade – taxonomic group comprising of one common ancestor
Sometimes we find that we have grouped things together that are not in the same clade.
Example of a Polyphyletic Example of a Polyphyletic groupgroup