Post on 02-Jun-2018
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^esataej ^cplr eo tbl Fevlrj`ljt eo tbl ^lepil's Xlpuhiag eo Gbajc ejtbl @cttlr eo Kurasdagtaej aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc Crhatrctaej Ajatactld hy
tbl Xlpuhiag eo tbl ^baiappajls
8>34/38/>6
6 Dlgl`hlr 8>34
A. Ajtredugt aej
3. Ej 88 Kcjucry 8>37, tbl Dlpcrt`ljt eo Oerlafj Coocars eo tbl Xlpuhiag eo tbl baiappajls prlsljtld
c jetl vlrhcil te tbl L`hcssy eo tbl ^lepil's Xlpuhiag eo Gbajc aj tbl ^baiappajls, stctajf tbct tbl
^baiappajls suh`attld c Jetaoagctaej cjd Wtctl`ljt eo Gica` aj erdlr te ajatactl ge`puisery crhatrctaej
preglldajfs ujdlr Crtagil 826 cjd Cjjlx _AA eo tbl \jatld Jctaejs Gejvljtaej ej tbl Icw eo tbl Wlc
("Gejvljtaej") watb rlsplgt te tbl dasputl watb Gbajc evlr "`crata`l kurasdagtaej" aj tbl Weutb Gbajc
Wlc. Ej 31 Olhrucry 8>37, tbl Gbajlsl Fevlrj`ljt rlklgtld cjd rlturjld tbl ^baiappajls' jetl
vlrhcil tefltblr watb tbl cttcgbld Jetaoagctaej cjd Wtctl`ljt eo Gica`. Tbl Gbajlsl Fevlrj`ljt bcs
suhslquljtiy rlatlrctld tbct at waii jlatblr cgglpt jer pcrtagapctl aj tbl crhatrctaej tbus ajatactld hy tbl
^baiappajls.
8. Tbas ^esataej ^cplr as ajtljdld te dl`ejstrctl tbct tbl crhatrci trahujci lstchiasbld ct tbl rlqulst
eo tbl ^baiappajls oer tbl prlsljt crhatrctaej ("Crhatrci Trahujci") dels jet bcvl kurasdagtaej evlr tbas
gcsl. At dels jet lxprlss cjy pesataej ej tbl suhstcjtavl assuls rlictld te tbl suhklgt-`cttlr eo tbl
crhatrctaej ajatactld hy tbl baiappajls. Je cgglptcjgl hy Gbajc as safjaoald aj tbas esataej cplr eo tbl
valws er gica`s cdvcjgld hy tbl ^baiappajls, wbltblr er jet tbly crl rlolrrld te blrlaj. Jer sbcii tbas
^esataej ^cplr hl rlfcrdld cs Gbajc's cgglptcjgl eo er pcrtagapctaej aj tbas crhatrctaej.
7. Tbas ^esataej ^cplr waii licherctl ej tbl oeiiewajf pesataejs;
Tbl lssljgl eo tbl suhklgt-`cttlr eo tbl crhatrctaej as tbl tlrrateraci sevlrlafjty evlr slvlrci crata`l
olcturls aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc, wbagb as hlyejd tbl sgepl eo tbl Gejvljtaej cjd dels jet gejglrj
tbl ajtlrprltctaej er cppiagctaej eo tbl Gejvljtaej=
Gbajc cjd tbl ^baiappajls bcvl cfrlld, tbreufb haictlrci ajstru`ljts cjd tbl Dlgicrctaej ej tbl
Gejdugt eo ^crtals aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc, te slttil tblar rlilvcjt dasputls tbreufb jlfetactaejs. Hy
ujaictlrciiy ajatactajf tbl prlsljt crhatrctaej, tbl ^baiappajls bcs hrlcgbld ats ehiafctaej ujdlr
ajtlrjctaejci icw=
Lvlj cssu`ajf, crfuljde, tbct tbl suhklgt-`cttlr eo tbl crhatrctaej wlrl gejglrjld watb tbl
ajtlrprltctaej er cppiagctaej eo tbl Gejvljtaej, tbct suhklgt-`cttlr weuid gejstatutl cj ajtlfrci pcrt eo
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`crata`l dlia`atctaej hltwllj tbl twe geujtrals, tbus ociiajf watbaj tbl sgepl eo tbl dlgicrctaej oaild
hy Gbajc aj 8>>? aj cggerdcjgl watb tbl Gejvljtaej, wbagb lxgiudls, ajtlr ciac, dasputls gejglrjajf
`crata`l dlia`atctaej ore` ge`puisery crhatrctaej cjd etblr ge`puisery dasputl slttil`ljt
pregldurls=
Gejslquljtiy, tbl Crhatrci Trahujci cjaolstiy bcs je kurasdagtaej evlr tbl prlsljt crhatrctaej. Hcsld
ej tbl oerlfeajf pesataejs cjd hy vartul eo tbl orllde` eo lvlry Wtctl te gbeesl tbl `lcjs eo dasputl
slttil`ljt, Gbajc's rlklgtaej eo cjd jej-pcrtagapctaej aj tbl prlsljt crhatrctaej stcjd ej seiad freujd
aj ajtlrjctaejci icw.
AA. Tbl lssljgl eo tbl suhklgt-`cttlr eo tbl crhatrctaej as tbl tlrrate raci sevlrlafjty evlr slvlrci
`crata`l olcturls aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc, wbagb dels jet gejglrj tbl ajtlrprltctaej er
cppiagctaej eo tbl Gejvljtaej
4. Gbajc bcs ajdasputchil sevlrlafjty evlr tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc Asicjds (tbl Dejfsbc Asicjds, tbl
Rasbc Asicjds, tbl [bejfsbc Asicjds cjd tbl Jcjsbc Asicjds) cjd tbl cdkcgljt wctlrs. Gbajlsl
cgtavatals aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc dctl hcgm te evlr 8,>>> ylcrs cfe. Gbajc wcs tbl oarst geujtry te
dasgevlr, jc`l, lxpierl cjd lxpieat tbl rlseurgls eo tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc Asicjds cjd tbl oarst te
gejtajueusiy lxlrgasl sevlrlafj pewlrs evlr tbl`. Ore` tbl 317>s te 314>s, Kcpcj aiilfciiy slazld
se`l pcrts eo tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc Asicjds durajf ats wcr eo cffrlssaej cfcajst Gbajc. Ct tbl ljd eo
tbl Wlgejd Verid Vcr, tbl Gbajlsl Fevlrj`ljt rlsu`ld lxlrgasl eo sevlrlafjty evlr tbl Weutb
Gbajc Wlc Asicjds. @aiatcry plrsejjli cjd fevlrj`ljt eooagacis wlrl sljt vac jcvci vlsslis te beid
rlsu`ptaej eo cutberaty glrl`ejals. Ge``l`erctavl stejl `crmlrs wlrl lrlgtld, fcrrasejs
stctaejld, cjd flefrcpbagci survlys gejdugtld. Aj 3146, Gbajc rljc`ld tbl `crata`l olcturls eo tbl
Weutb Gbajc Wlc Asicjds cjd, aj 3142, puhiasbld cj eooagaci `cp wbagb daspicyld c dettld iajl aj tbl
Weutb Gbajc Wlc. Wajgl tbl oeujdajf eo tbl ^lepil's Xlpuhiag eo Gbajc ej 3 Egtehlr 3141, tbl
Gbajlsl Fevlrj`ljt bcs hllj gejsastljtiy cjd cgtavliy `cajtcajajf ats sevlrlafjty evlr tbl Weutb
Gbajc Wlc Asicjds. Hetb tbl Dlgicrctaej eo tbl Fevlrj`ljt eo tbl ^lepil's Xlpuhiag eo Gbajc ej tbl
Tlrrateraci Wlc eo 31
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ge`prasls cii tbl tlrratery gldld te tbl \jatld Wtctls hy tbl Trlcty eo ^cras gejgiudld hltwllj tbl
\jatld Wtctls cjd Wpcaj ej tbl tljtb dcy eo Dlgl`hlr, lafbtllj bujdrld cjd jajlty-lafbt, tbl ia`ats
wbagb crl slt oertb aj Crtagil AAA eo scad trlcty, tefltblr watb cii tbl asicjds l`hrcgld aj tbl trlcty
gejgiudld ct Vcsbajftej hltwllj tbl \jatld Wtctls cjd Wpcaj ej tbl slvljtb dcy eo Jevl`hlr,
jajltllj bujdrld, cjd tbl trlcty gejgiudld hltwllj tbl \jatld Wtctls cjd Frlct Hratcaj ej tbl
slgejd dcy eo Kcjucry, jajltllj bujdrld cjd tbarty, cjd cii tlrratery evlr wbagb tbl prlsljt
Fevlrj`ljt eo tbl ^baiappajl Asicjds lxlrgasls kurasdagtaej." \jdlr tbas prevasaej, tbl tlrratery eo tbl
^baiappajls wcs gejoajld te tbl ^baiappajl Asicjds, bcvajf jetbajf te de watb cjy eo Gbajc's `crata`l
olcturls aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc. ^baiappajl Xlpuhiag Cgt Je. 7>4?, ljtatild "Cj Cgt te Dloajl tbl
Hcsliajls eo tbl Tlrrateraci Wlc eo tbl ^baiappajls", wbagb wcs pre`uifctld aj 31?3, rlcooar`ld tbl
tlrrateraci sgepl eo tbl geujtry cs icad dewj aj tbl 317< Gejstatutaej.
?. Wajgl tbl 316>s, tbl ^baiappajls bcs aiilfciiy eggupald c ju`hlr eo `crata`l olcturls eo Gbajc's
Jcjsbc Asicjds, ajgiudajf @cbucj Dce, Olaxaj Dce, [bejfyl Dce, Jcjyce Dce, Hlaza Dce, Rayul
Dce, Wbucjfbucjf Wbczbeu cjd Waiajf Kace. Ourtblr`erl, at ujicwouiiy dlsafjctld c se-gciild
"Mcicyccj Asicjd Freup" te ljge`pcss se`l eo tbl `crata`l olcturls eo Gbajc's Jcjsbc Asicjds cjd
gica`ld sevlrlafjty evlr tbl`, tefltblr watb cdkcgljt hut vcst `crata`l crlcs. Wuhslquljtiy, at icad
ujicwoui gica` te sevlrlafjty evlr Bucjfycj Dce eo Gbajc's [bejfsbc Asicjds. Aj cddataej, tbl
^baiappajls bcs cise aiilfciiy lxpierld cjd lxpieatld tbl rlseurgls ej tbesl `crata`l olcturls cjd aj
tbl cdkcgljt `crata`l crlcs.
6. Tbl ^baiappajls' cgtavatals `ljtaejld chevl bcvl vaeictld tbl Gbcrtlr eo tbl \jatld Jctaejs cjd
ajtlrjctaejci icw, cjd slraeusiy ljgrecgbld upej Gbajc's tlrrateraci sevlrlafjty cjd `crata`l rafbts
cjd ajtlrlsts. Tbly crl juii cjd vead aj icw. Tbl Gbajlsl Fevlrj`ljt bcs ciwcys hllj oar`iy eppesld
te tblsl cgtaejs eo tbl ^baiappajls, cjd gejsastljtiy cjd gejtajueusiy `cdl seil`j rlprlsljtctaejs
cjd pretlsts te tbl ^baiappajls.
2. Tbl ^baiappajls bcs su``crazld ats gica`s oer crhatrctaej aj tbrll gctlferals;
Oarst, Gbajc's csslrtaej eo tbl "basterag rafbts" te tbl wctlrs, slc-hld cjd suhseai watbaj tbl "jajl-dcsb
iajl" (a.l., Gbajc's dettld iajl aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc) hlyejd tbl ia`ats eo ats ljtatil`ljts ujdlr tbl
Gejvljtaej as ajgejsastljt watb tbl Gejvljtaej.
Wlgejd, Gbajc's gica` te ljtatil`ljts eo 8>> jcutagci `ails cjd `erl, hcsld ej glrtcaj regms, iew-
tadl lilvctaejs cjd suh`lrfld olcturls aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc, as ajgejsastljt watb tbl Gejvljtaej.
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Tbard, Gbajc's csslrtaej cjd lxlrgasl eo rafbts aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc bcvl ujicwouiiy ajtlrolrld watb
tbl sevlrlafj rafbts, kurasdagtaej cjd rafbts cjd orllde` eo jcvafctaej tbct tbl ^baiappajls ljkeys cjd
lxlrgasls ujdlr tbl Gejvljtaej.
1. Tbl suhklgt-`cttlr eo tbl baiappajls' gica`s as aj lssljgl ejl eo tlrrateraci sevlrlafjty evlr slvlrci`crata`l olcturls aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc, wbagb as hlyejd tbl sgepl eo tbl Gejvljtaej cjd dels jet
gejglrj tbl ajtlrprltctaej er cppiagctaej eo tbl Gejvljtaej. Gejslquljtiy, tbl Crhatrci Trahujci bcs je
kurasdagtaej evlr tbl gica`s eo tbl baiappajls oer crhatrctaej.
3>. Vatb rlfcrd te tbl oarst gctlfery eo gica`s prlsljtld hy tbl ^baiappajls oer crhatrctaej, at as ehvaeus
tbct tbl gerl eo tbesl gica`s as tbct Gbajc's `crata`l gica`s aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc bcvl lxglldld
tbl lxtljt ciiewld ujdlr tbl Gejvljtaej. Bewlvlr, wbctlvlr iefag as te hl oeiiewld, ejiy cotlr tbl
lxtljt eo Gbajc's tlrrateraci sevlrlafjty aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc as dltlr`ajld gcj c dlgasaej hl `cdl
ej wbltblr Gbajc's `crata`l gica`s aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc bcvl lxglldld tbl lxtljt ciiewld ujdlr
tbl Gejvljtaej.
33. At as c fljlrci prajgapil eo ajtlrjctaejci icw tbct sevlrlafjty evlr icjd tlrratery as tbl hcsas oer tbl
dltlr`ajctaej eo `crata`l rafbts. Cs tbl Ajtlrjctaejci Geurt eo Kustagl ("AGK") stctld, "`crata`l rafbts
dlravl ore` tbl gecstci Wtctl's sevlrlafjty evlr tbl icjd, c prajgapil wbagb gcj hl su``crazld cs 'tbl
icjd de`ajctls tbl slc'"(@crata`l Dlia`atctaej cjd Tlrrateraci Sulstaejs hltwllj Sctcr cjd Hcbrcaj
(Sctcr v. Hcbrcaj),@lrats, Kudf`ljt eo 3? @crgb 8>>3, A.G.K. Xlperts 8>>3, p. 16, pcrc. 32 Olhrucry 31?1, A.G.K. Xlperts 31?1, p. >3, pcrc. 32>6, A.G.K. Xlperts 8>>6, p.
?1?, pcrc. 337). Xlgljtiy tbl AGK cfcaj l`pbcsazld tbct "]tPbl tatil eo c Wtctl te tbl gejtajljtci sblio
cjd te tbl lxgiusavl lgeje`ag zejl as hcsld ej tbl prajgapil tbct tbl icjd de`ajctls tbl slc", cjd
tbct "tbl icjd as tbl ilfci seurgl eo tbl pewlr wbagb c Wtctl `cy lxlrgasl evlr tlrrateraci lxtljsaejste slcwcrd" (Tlrrateraci cjd @crata`l Dasputl (Jagcrcfuc v. Geie`hac),Kudf`ljt eo 31 Jevl`hlr
8>38, A.G.K. Xlperts 8>38, p. ).
38. Tbl prlc`hil eo tbl Gejvljtaej pregica`s "tbl dlsarchaiaty eo lstchiasbajf tbreufb tbas Gejvljtaej,
watb dul rlfcrd oer tbl sevlrlafjty eo cii Wtctls, c ilfci erdlr oer tbl slcs cjd eglcjs". At as cppcrljt
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tbct "dul rlfcrd oer tbl sevlrlafjty eo cii Wtctls" as tbl prlrlquasatl oer tbl cppiagctaej eo tbl
Gejvljtaej te dltlr`ajl `crata`l rafbts eo tbl Wtctls ^crtals.
37. Cs ocr cs tbl prlsljt crhatrctaej as gejglrjld, watbeut oarst bcvajf dltlr`ajld Gbajc's tlrrateraci
sevlrlafjty evlr tbl `crata`l olcturls aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc, tbl Crhatrci Trahujci waii jet hl aj cpesataej te dltlr`ajl tbl lxtljt te wbagb Gbajc `cy gica` `crata`l rafbts aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc
pursucjt te tbl Gejvljtaej, jet te `ljtaej wbltblr Gbajc's gica`s lxglld tbl lxtljt ciiewld ujdlr
tbl Gejvljtaej. Hut tbl assul eo tlrrateraci sevlrlafjty ociis hlyejd tbl purvalw eo tbl Gejvljtaej.
34. Tbl ^baiappajls as wlii cwcrl tbct c trahujci lstchiasbld ujdlr Crtagil 826 cjd Cjjlx _AA eo tbl
Gejvljtaej bcs je kurasdagtaej evlr tlrrateraci sevlrlafjty dasputls. Aj cj cttl`pt te gargu`vljt tbas
kurasdagtaejci burdil cjd ochragctl c hcsas oer ajstatutaej eo crhatrci preglldajfs, tbl ^baiappajls bcs
gujjajfiy pcgmcfld ats gcsl aj tbl prlsljt oer`. At bcs rlplctldiy preolssld tbct at dels jet sllm ore`
tbl Crhatrci Trahujci c dltlr`ajctaej eo tlrrateraci sevlrlafjty evlr glrtcaj `crata`l olcturls gica`ld
hy hetb geujtrals, hut rctblr c ruiajf ej tbl ge`pctahaiaty eo Gbajc's crata`l gica`s watb tbl prevasaejs
eo tbl Gejvljtaej, se tbct ats gica`s oer crhatrctaej weuid cpplcr te hl gejglrjld watb tbl ajtlrprltctaej
er cppiagctaej eo tbl Gejvljtaej, jet watb tbl sevlrlafjty evlr tbesl `crata`l olcturls. Tbas gejtravld
pcgmcfajf, bewlvlr, ocais te gejglci tbl vlry lssljgl eo tbl suhklgt-`cttlr eo tbl crhatrctaej, jc`liy,
tbl tlrrateraci sevlrlafjty evlr glrtcaj `crata`l olcturls aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc.
3
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crhatrctaej cs te wbltblr er jet tbl `crata`l gica`s eo c Wtctl hcsld ej sugb c olcturl crl ge`pctahil
watb tbl Gejvljtaej.
32. Aj tbl prlsljt gcsl, tbl ^baiappajls dljals Gbajc's sevlrlafjty evlr tbl `crata`l olcturls aj
qulstaej, watb c valw te ge`piltliy dasquciaoyajf Gbajc ore` `cmajf cjy `crata`l gica`s aj rlsplgt eotbesl olcturls. Aj iafbt eo tbas, tbl ^baiappajls as puttajf tbl gcrt hloerl tbl bersl hy rlqulstajf tbl
Crhatrci Trahujci te dltlr`ajl, lvlj hloerl tbl `cttlr eo sevlrlafjty as dlcit watb, tbl assul eo
ge`pctahaiaty eo Gbajc's crata`l gica`s watb tbl Gejvljtaej. Aj rlilvcjt gcsls, je ajtlrjctaejci kudagaci
er crhatrci hedy bcs lvlr cppiald tbl Gejvljtaej te dltlr`ajl tbl `crata`l rafbts dlravld ore` c
`crata`l olcturl hloerl sevlrlafjty evlr tbct olcturl as dlgadld.
31. Wlgejdiy, aj rlsplgt eo tbl Jcjsbc Asicjds, tbl ^baiappajls slilgts ejiy c olw olcturls cjd
rlqulsts tbl Crhatrci Trahujci te dlgadl ej tblar `crata`l ljtatil`ljts. Tbas as aj lssljgl cj cttl`pt
ct dljyajf Gbajc's sevlrlafjty evlr tbl Jcjsbc Asicjds cs c wbeil.
8>. Tbl Jcjsbc Asicjds ge`prasls `cjy `crata`l olcturls. Gbajc bcs ciwcys ljkeyld sevlrlafjty
evlr tbl Jcjsbc Asicjds aj ats ljtarlty, jet kust evlr se`l olcturls tblrleo. Aj 317
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88. Tbl ^baiappajls, hy rlqulstajf tbl Crhatrci Trahujci te dltlr`ajl tbl `crata`l ljtatil`ljts eo ejiy
wbct at dlsgrahls cs tbl `crata`l olcturls "eggupald er gejtreiild hy Gbajc", bcs aj loolgt dasslgtld
tbl Jcjsbc Asicjds. At dliahlrctliy cmls je `ljtaej eo tbl rlst eo tbl Jcjsbc Asicjds, ajgiudajf tbesl
aiilfciiy slazld er gica`ld hy tbl ^baiappajls. Ats rlci ajtljtaej as te fcajscy Gbajc's sevlrlafjty evlr
tbl wbeil eo tbl Jcjsbc Asicjds, dljy tbl ocgt eo ats aiilfci slazurl eo er gica` ej slvlrci `crata`l
olcturls eo tbl Jcjsbc Asicjds, cjd dastert tbl jcturl cjd sgepl eo tbl Gbajc-^baiappajls dasputls aj
tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc. Aj cddataej, tbl ^baiappajls bcs dliahlrctliy lxgiudld ore` tbl gctlfery eo tbl
`crata`l olcturls "eggupald er gejtreiild hy Gbajc" tbl icrflst asicjd aj tbl Jcjsbc Asicjds, Tcapajf
Dce, wbagb as gurrljtiy gejtreiild hy tbl Tcawcj cutberatals eo Gbajc. Tbas as c frcvl vaeictaej eo tbl
Ejl-Gbajc ^rajgapil cjd cj ajorajfl`ljt eo Gbajc's sevlrlafjty cjd tlrrateraci ajtlfraty. Tbas ourtblr
sbews tbct tbl slgejd gctlfery eo gica`s hreufbt hy tbl ^baiappajls lssljtaciiy plrtcajs te tbl
tlrrateraci sevlrlafjty dasputl hltwllj tbl twe geujtrals.
87. Oajciiy, wbltblr er jet iew-tadl lilvctaejs gcj hl cpprepractld as picajiy c qulstaej eo tlrrateraci
sevlrlafjty.
84. Tbl ^baiappajls csslrts tbct se`l eo tbl `crata`l olcturls, cheut wbagb at bcs suh`attld gica`s
oer crhatrctaej, crl iew-tadl lilvctaejs, tbus hlajf ajgcpchil eo cpprepractaej cs tlrratery. Cs te wbltblr
tbesl olcturls crl ajdlld iew-tadl lilvctaejs, tbas esataej cplr waii jet ge``ljt. At sbeuid, bewlvlr,
hl peajtld eut tbct, wbctlvlr jcturl tbesl olcturls pesslss, tbl ^baiappajls atslio bcs plrsastld aj
gica`ajf sevlrlafjty evlr tbl` sajgl tbl 316>s. Hy rlsadljtaci Dlgrll Je. 3>1 stapuictls tbct tbl crata`l zejls oer tbl se-gciild
"Mcicyccj Asicjd Freup" (a.l., se`l `crata`l olcturls eo Gbajc's Jcjsbc Asicjds) cjd "Wgcrhereufb
Wbeci" (a.l., Gbajc's Bucjfycj Dce) hl dltlr`ajld aj c wcy gejsastljt watb Crtagil 383 eo tbl
Gejvljtaej (a.l., tbl rlfa`l eo asicjds), tbas prevasaej wcs dlsafjld te cdkust tbl baiappajls' crata`l
gica`s hcsld ej tbesl olcturls watbaj tbl coerl`ljtaejld crlc. Tbl Cgt dad jet vcry tbl tlrrateraci
gica` eo tbl ^baiappajls te tbl rlilvcjt `crata`l olcturls, ajgiudajf tbesl at ciilfld aj tbas crhatrctaej
cs iew-tadl lilvctaejs. Aj Jetl _lrhcil Je. >>>882, cddrlssld te Wlgrltcry-Fljlrci eo tbl \jatld
Jctaejs ej < Cprai 8>33, tbl ^baiappajl ^lr`cjljt @assaej te tbl \jatld Jctaejs stctld tbct, "tbl
Mcicyccj Asicjd Freup (MAF) gejstatutls cj ajtlfrci pcrt eo tbl ^baiappajls. Tbl Xlpuhiag eo tbl
^baiappajls bcs sevlrlafjty cjd kurasdagtaej evlr tbl fleiefagci olcturls aj tbl MAF." Tbl ^baiappajls
bcs `cajtcajld, te dctl, ats gica` te sevlrlafjty evlr 4> `crata`l olcturls aj tbl Jcjsbc Asicjds,
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c`ejf wbagb crl tbl vlry olcturls at jew ichlis cs iew-tadl lilvctaejs. At as tbus ehvaeus tbct tbl ejiy
`etavl hlbajd tbl ^baiappajls' csslrtaej tbct iew-tadl lilvctaejs gcjjet hl cpprepractld as te dljy
Gbajc's sevlrlafjty evlr tblsl olcturls se cs te picgl tbl` ujdlr ^baiappajl sevlrlafjty.
8>3 Kudf`ljt ajSctcr v. Hcbrcaj, tbl AGK
lxpiagatiy stctld tbct, "Ajtlrjctaejci trlcty icw as sailjt ej tbl qulstaej wbltblr iew-tadl lilvctaejs gcj
hl gejsadlrld te hl 'tlrratery'. Jer as tbl Geurt cwcrl eo c ujaoer` cjd wadlsprlcd Wtctl prcgtagl wbagb
`afbt bcvl favlj rasl te c guste`cry ruil wbagb ujlquavegciiy plr`ats er lxgiudls cpprepractaej eo
iew-tadl lilvctaejs" (Sctcr v. Hcbrcaj, A.G.K. Xlperts 8>>3, pp. 3>3-3>8, pcrc. 8>38 Kudf`ljt
aj Jagcrcfuc v. Geie`hac, wbail tbl AGK stctld tbct "iew-tadl lilvctaejs gcjjet hl cpprepractld"
(Jagcrcfuc v. Geie`hac, A.G.K. Xlperts 8>38, p. ?43, pcrc. 8?), at dad jet peajt te cjy ilfci hcsas oer
tbas gejgiusery stctl`ljt. Jer dad at teugb upej tbl ilfci stctus eo iew-tadl lilvctaejs cs ge`pejljts
eo cj crgbaplicfe, er sevlrlafjty er gica`s eo sevlrlafjty tbct `cy bcvl iejf lxastld evlr sugb
olcturls aj c pcrtaguicr `crata`l crlc. Ej cii cggeujts, tbl AGK dad jet cppiy tbl Gejvljtaej aj tbct
gcsl. Vbltblr er jet iew-tadl lilvctaejs gcj hl cpprepractld as jet c qulstaej gejglrjajf tbl
ajtlrprltctaej er cppiagctaej eo tbl Gejvljtaej.
8?. Cs te tbl tbard gctlfery eo tbl ^baiappajls' gica`s, Gbajc `cajtcajs tbct tbl ilfciaty eo Gbajc's
cgtaejs aj tbl wctlrs eo tbl Jcjsbc Asicjds cjd Bucjfycj Dce rlsts ej hetb ats sevlrlafjty evlr
rlilvcjt `crata`l olcturls cjd tbl `crata`l rafbts dlravld tblrlore`.
86. Tbl ^baiappajls ciilfls tbct Gbajc's gica` te cjd lxlrgasl eo `crata`l rafbts aj tbl Weutb Gbajc
Wlc bcvl ujicwouiiy ajtlrolrld watb tbl sevlrlafj rafbts, kurasdagtaej cjd rafbts cjd orllde` eo
jcvafctaej, wbagb tbl ^baiappajls as ljtatild te ljkey cjd lxlrgasl ujdlr tbl Gejvljtaej. Tbl prl`asl
oer tbas gica` `ust hl tbct tbl spctaci lxtljt eo tbl ^baiappajls' `crata`l kurasdagtaej as dloajld cjd
ujdasputld, cjd tbct Gbajc's cgtaejs bcvl ljgrecgbld upej sugb dloajld crlcs. Tbl ocgt as, bewlvlr,
te tbl gejtrcry. Gbajc cjd tbl ^baiappajls bcvl jet dlia`atld tbl `crata`l spcgl hltwllj tbl`. \jtai
cjd ujilss tbl sevlrlafjty evlr tbl rlilvcjt crata`l olcturls as csglrtcajld cjd `crata`l dlia`atctaejge`piltld, tbas gctlfery eo gica`s eo tbl ^baiappajls gcjjet hl dlgadld upej.
82. At sbeuid hl pcrtaguicriy l`pbcsazld tbct Gbajc ciwcys rlsplgts tbl orllde` eo jcvafctaej cjd
evlroiafbt ljkeyld hy cii Wtctls aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc aj cggerdcjgl watb ajtlrjctaejci icw.
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81. Te su` up, hy rlqulstajf tbl Crhatrci Trahujci te cppiy tbl Gejvljtaej te dltlr`ajl tbl lxtljt eo
Gbajc's `crata`l rafbts aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc, watbeut oarst bcvajf csglrtcajld sevlrlafjty evlr tbl
rlilvcjt `crata`l olcturls, cjd hy oer`uictajf c slrals eo gica`s oer crhatrctaej te tbct loolgt, tbl
^baiappajls gejtrcvljls tbl fljlrci prajgapils eo ajtlrjctaejci icw cjd ajtlrjctaejci kurasprudljgl ej
tbl slttil`ljt eo ajtlrjctaejci `crata`l dasputls. Te dlgadl upej cjy eo tbl ^baiappajls' gica`s, tbl
Crhatrci Trahujci weuid ajlvatchiy bcvl te dltlr`ajl, darlgtiy er ajdarlgtiy, tbl sevlrlafjty evlr hetb
tbl `crata`l olcturls aj qulstaej cjd etblr `crata`l olcturls aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc. Hlsadls, sugb
c dlgasaej weuid ujcveadchiy predugl, aj prcgtagci tlr`s, tbl loolgt eo c `crata`l dlia`atctaej, wbagb
waii hl ourtblr dasgussld hliew aj ^crt A_ eo tbas ^esataej ^cplr. Tblrloerl, Gbajc `cajtcajs tbct tbl
Crhatrci Trahujci `cjaolstiy bcs je kurasdagtaej evlr tbl prlsljt gcsl.
AAA. Tblrl lxasts cj cfrll`ljt hltwllj Gbajc cjd tbl ^baiappajls te slttil tblar dasputls aj tbl
Weutb Gbajc Wlc tbreufb jlfetactaejs, cjd tbl ^baiappajls as dlhcrrld ore` ujaictlrciiy
ajatactajf ge`puisery crhatrctaej
7>. Vatb rlfcrd te dasputls gejglrjajf tlrrateraci sevlrlafjty cjd `crata`l rafbts, Gbajc bcs ciwcys
`cajtcajld tbct tbly sbeuid hl plcglouiiy rlseivld tbreufb jlfetactaejs hltwllj tbl geujtrals darlgtiy
gejglrjld. Aj tbl prlsljt gcsl, tblrl bcs hllj c iejf-stcjdajf cfrll`ljt hltwllj Gbajc cjd tbl
^baiappajls ej rlseivajf tblar dasputls aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc tbreufb oraljdiy gejsuitctaejs cjd
jlfetactaejs.
73. \jdlr tbl Keajt Wtctl`ljt hltwllj tbl ^lepil's Xlpuhiag eo Gbajc cjd tbl Xlpuhiag eo tbl
^baiappajls gejglrjajf Gejsuitctaejs ej tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc cjd ej Etblr Crlcs eo Geeplrctaej,
assuld ej 3> Cufust 311
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77. Tbl Keajt Wtctl`ljt hltwllj tbl Fevlrj`ljt eo tbl ^lepil's Xlpuhiag eo Gbajc cjd tbl
Fevlrj`ljt eo tbl Xlpuhiag eo tbl ^baiappajls ej tbl Orc`lwerm eo Haictlrci Geeplrctaej aj tbl
Twljty-Oarst Gljtury, assuld ej 3? @cy 8>>>, stctls aj ^eajt 1 tbct, "Tbl twe sadls ge``at
tbl`slivls te tbl `cajtljcjgl eo plcgl cjd stchaiaty aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc. Tbly cfrll te pre`etl
c plcgloui slttil`ljt eo dasputls tbreufb haictlrci oraljdiy gejsuitctaejs cjd jlfetactaejs aj
cggerdcjgl watb ujavlrsciiy-rlgefjazld prajgapils eo ajtlrjctaejci icw, ajgiudajf tbl 3128 \jatld
Jctaejs Gejvljtaej ej tbl Icw eo tbl Wlc. Tbly rlcooar` tblar cdblrljgl te tbl 311< keajt stctl`ljt
hltwllj tbl twe geujtrals ej tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc ...".
74. Tbl Keajt ^rlss Wtctl`ljt eo tbl Tbard Gbajc-^baiappajls Lxplrts' Freup @lltajf ej Gejoadljgl-
Huaidajf @lcsurls, dctld 4 Cprai 8>>3, stctls aj ^eajt 4 tbct, "Tbl twe sadls jetld tbct tbl haictlrci
gejsuitctaej `lgbcjas` te lxpierl wcys eo geeplrctaej aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc bcs hllj loolgtavl.
Tbl slrals eo ujdlrstcjdajf cjd gejsljsus rlcgbld hy tbl twe sadls bcvl picyld c gejstrugtavl reil
aj tbl `cajtljcjgl eo tbl seujd dlvliep`ljt eo Gbajc-^baiappajls rlictaejs cjd plcgl cjd stchaiaty
eo tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc crlc."
7>8, @r. Vcjf Qa, tbl
tblj _agl Oerlafj @ajastlr cjd rlprlsljtctavl eo tbl Gbajlsl Fevlrj`ljt, tefltblr watb tbl
rlprlsljtctavls eo tbl fevlrj`ljts eo tbl `l`hlr Wtctls eo tbl Cssegactaej eo Weutblcst Csacj
Jctaejs ("CWLCJ"), ajgiudajf tbl ^baiappajls, keajtiy safjld tbl Dlgicrctaej ej tbl Gejdugt eo ^crtals
aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc ("DEG"). crcfrcpb 4 eo tbl DEG lxpiagatiy stctls tbct, "Tbl crtals gejglrjld
ujdlrtcml te rlseivl tblar tlrrateraci cjd kurasdagtaejci dasputls hy plcgloui `lcjs ... tbreufb oraljdiy
gejsuitctaejs cjd jlfetactaejs hy sevlrlafj stctls darlgtiy gejglrjld, aj cggerdcjgl watb ujavlrsciiy
rlgefjazld prajgapils eo ajtlrjctaejci icw, ajgiudajf tbl 3128 \J Gejvljtaej ej tbl Icw eo tbl Wlc."
7?. Oeiiewajf tbl safjajf eo tbl DEG, tbl ilcdlrs eo Gbajc cjd tbl ^baiappajls bcvl rlplctldiy
rlatlrctld tblar ge``at`ljt te tbl slttil`ljt eo dasputls hy wcy eo dacieful. Tbus, c Keajt ^rlss
Wtctl`ljt hltwllj tbl Fevlrj`ljt eo tbl ^lepil's Xlpuhiag eo Gbajc cjd tbl Fevlrj`ljt eo tbl
Xlpuhiag eo tbl ^baiappajls wcs assuld ej 7 Wlptl`hlr 8>>4 durajf tbl Wtctl vasat te Gbajc hy tbl
tblj ^baiappajl ^rlsadljt Fierac @cgcpcfci-Crreye, wbagb stctls aj pcrcfrcpb 3? tbct, "Tbly cfrlldtbct tbl lcriy cjd vafereus a`pil`ljtctaej eo tbl 8>>8 CWLCJ-Gbajc Dlgicrctaej ej tbl Gejdugt eo
^crtals aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc waii pcvl tbl wcy oer tbl trcjsoer`ctaej eo tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc ajte
cj crlc eo geeplrctaej."
76. Hltwllj 7> Cufust cjd 7 Wlptl`hlr 8>33, rlsadljt Hljafje W. Cquaje AAA eo tbl ^baiappajls pcad
c Wtctl vasat te Gbajc. Ej 3 Wlptl`hlr 8>33, tbl twe sadls assuld c Keajt Wtctl`ljt hltwllj tbl
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^lepil's Xlpuhiag eo Gbajc cjd tbl Xlpuhiag eo tbl ^baiappajls, wbagb, aj pcrcfrcpb 3>6, A.G.K. Xlperts
8>>6, p. 333, pcrc. 3?8). Ourtblr`erl, ujdlr ajtlrjctaejci icw, rlfcrdilss eo tbl dlsafjctaej er oer`
tbl chevl-`ljtaejld ajstru`ljts l`piey, cs iejf cs tbly ajtljd te grlctl rafbts cjd ehiafctaejs oer
tbl pcrtals, tblsl rafbts cjd ehiafctaejs crl hajdajf hltwllj tbl pcrtals (Go. @crata`l Dlia`atctaej cjd
Tlrrateraci Sulstaejs hltwllj Sctcr cjd Hcbrcaj (Sctcr v. Hcbrcaj), Kurasdagtaej cjd Cd`assahaiaty,
Kudf`ljt eo 3 Kuiy 3114, A.G.K. Xlperts 3114, pp. 38>-383, pcrcs. 88-8?= Icjd cjd @crata`l Heujdcry
hltwllj Gc`lreej cjd Jaflrac (Gc`lreej v. Jaflrac; Lquateraci Fuajlc ajtlrvljajf),Kudf`ljt eo3> Egtehlr 8>>8, A.G.K. Xlperts 8>>8, pp. 486, 481, pcrcs. 8. Hy rlplctldiy rlcooar`ajf jlfetactaejs cs tbl `lcjs oer slttiajf rlilvcjt dasputls, cjd hy
l`pbcsazajf tbct jlfetactaejs hl gejdugtld hy sevlrlafj Wtctls darlgtiy gejglrjld, tbl chevl-quetld
prevasaejs eo tbl haictlrci ajstru`ljts cjd crcfrcpb 4 eo tbl DEG ehvaeusiy bcvl predugld tbl loolgteo lxgiudajf cjy `lcjs eo tbard-pcrty slttil`ljt. Aj pcrtaguicr, tbl chevl-`ljtaejld Keajt Wtctl`ljt
hltwllj tbl ^lepil's Xlpuhiag eo Gbajc cjd tbl Xlpuhiag eo tbl ^baiappajls gejglrjajf Gejsuitctaejs
ej tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc cjd ej Etblr Crlcs eo Geeplrctaej eo 3> Cufust 311< stapuictls aj ^eajt 7
tbct "c frcduci cjd prefrlssavl preglss eo geeplrctaej sbcii hl cdeptld watb c valw te lvljtuciiy
jlfetactajf c slttil`ljt eo tbl haictlrci dasputls". Tbl tlr` "lvljtuciiy" aj tbas gejtlxt gilcriy slrvls
te l`pbcsazl tbct "jlfetactaejs" as tbl ejiy `lcjs tbl pcrtals bcvl gbeslj oer dasputl slttil`ljt, te
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tbl lxgiusaej eo cjy etblr `lcjs ajgiudajf tbard-pcrty slttil`ljt pregldurls. Citbeufb tbl chevl-
`ljtaejld haictlrci ajstru`ljts cjd ^crcfrcpb 4 eo tbl DEG de jet usl sugb cj lxprlss pbrcsl cs
"lxgiudl etblr pregldurls eo dasputl slttil`ljt", cs tbl crhatrci trahujci aj tbl Weutblrj Hiuloaj Tujc
Gcslstctld aj ats Cwcrd, "tbl chsljgl eo cj lxprlss lxgiusaej eo cjy pregldurl ... as jet dlgasavl"
(Custrciac cjd Jlw [lcicjd v. Kcpcj, Cwcrd ej Kurasdagtaej cjd Cd`assahaiaty, 4 Cufust 8>>>, p.16,
pcrc.
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rlcgbajf slttil`ljt, cjd tbct aj ats valw, tbl ^baiappajls as kustaoald aj hlialvajf tbct at as `lcjajfilss
te gejtajul tbl jlfetactaejs, cjd tblrloerl tbl ^baiappajls bcs tbl rafbt te ajatactl crhatrctaej. Hut tbl
trutb as tbct tbl twe geujtrals bcvl jlvlr ljfcfld aj jlfetactaejs watb rlfcrd te tbl suhklgt-`cttlr eo
tbl crhatrctaej.
4?. \jdlr ajtlrjctaejci icw, fljlrci lxgbcjfls eo valws, watbeut bcvajf tbl purpesl eo slttiajf c favlj
dasputl, de jet gejstatutl jlfetactaejs. Aj Flerfac v. Xussacj Oldlrctaej, tbl AGK blid tbct,
"Jlfetactaejs ljtcai `erl tbcj tbl picaj eppesataej eo ilfci valws er ajtlrlsts hltwllj twe pcrtals, er
tbl lxastljgl eo c slrals eo cggusctaejs cjd rlhuttcis, er lvlj tbl lxgbcjfl eo gica`s cjd darlgtiy
eppesld geujtlr-gica`s. Cs sugb, tbl gejglpt eo 'jlfetactaejs' rlquarls - ct tbl vlry ilcst - c
fljuajl cttl`pt hy ejl eo tbl dasputajf pcrtals te ljfcfl aj dasgussaejs watb tbl etblr dasputajf pcrty,
watb c valw te rlseivajf tbl dasputl"(Cppiagctaej eo tbl Ajtlrjctaejci Gejvljtaej ej tbl Lia`ajctaej eo
Cii Oer`s eo Xcgaci Dasgra`ajctaej (Flerfac v. Xussacj Oldlrctaej), rlia`ajcry Ehklgtaejs, Kudf`ljt
eo 3 Cprai 8>33, A.G.K. Xlperts 8>33, p. 378, pcrc. 333, tbl twe geujtrals assuld c Keajt
Wtctl`ljt hltwllj tbl ^lepil's Xlpuhiag eo Gbajc cjd tbl Xlpuhiag eo ^baiappajls, rlatlrctajf tbl
ge``at`ljt te slttiajf tblar dasputls aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc tbreufb jlfetactaejs. Hut, hloerl
jlfetactaejs geuid oer`ciiy hlfaj, tbl ^baiappajls sljt ej 3> Cprai 8>38 c jcvci vlssli te tbl wctlrseo Gbajc's Bucjfycj Dce te slazl Gbajlsl oasbajf hects tefltblr watb tbl Gbajlsl oasblr`lj ej
hecrd. Aj tbl ocgl eo sugb prevegctaejs, Gbajc wcs oergld te tcml rlspejsl `lcsurls te scolfucrd ats
sevlrlafjty. Tblrlcotlr, Gbajc ejgl cfcaj prepesld te tbl ^baiappajl Fevlrj`ljt tbct tbl twe sadls
rlstcrt tbl Gbajc-^baiappajls gejsuitctaej `lgbcjas` oer gejoadljgl-huaidajf `lcsurls. Tbct
prepesci cfcaj olii ej dlco lcrs. Ej 8? Cprai 8>38, tbl ^baiappajl Dlpcrt`ljt eo Oerlafj Coocars
dliavlrld c jetl vlrhcil te tbl Gbajlsl L`hcssy aj tbl ^baiappajls, prepesajf tbct tbl assul eo
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Bucjfycj Dce hl rlolrrld te c tbard-pcrty cdkudagctaej hedy oer rlseiutaej cjd ajdagctajf je
waiiajfjlss te jlfetactl. Ej 88 Kcjucry 8>37, tbl ^baiappajls ujaictlrciiy ajatactld tbl prlsljt
ge`puisery crhatrctaej preglldajfs.
41. Tbl prlvaeus lxgbcjfls eo valws rlfcrdajf tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc assul hltwllj tbl twe geujtralsdad jet gejglrj tbl suhklgt-`cttlr eo tbl ^baiappajls' gica`s oer crhatrctaej. Oer ajstcjgl, tbl
^baiappajls gatld c stctl`ljt rlilcsld hy tbl Gbajlsl Oerlafj @ajastry ej 88 @cy 3116 rlfcrdajf
Bucjfycj Dce, aj erdlr te sbew tbct tblrl lxasts hltwllj tbl twe geujtrals c dasputl gejglrjajf tbl
`crata`l rafbts eo Bucjfycj Dce cjd tbct tbl twe geujtrals bcd lxgbcjfld valws watb rlfcrd te tbct
dasputl. Bewlvlr, tbl ^baiappajls dliahlrctliy e`attld c pcsscfl ore` tbct stctl`ljt, wbagb rlcds;
"Tbl assul eo Bucjfycjdce as cj assul eo tlrrateraci sevlrlafjty= tbl dlvliep`ljt cjd lxpieatctaej eo
tbl LL[ as c qulstaej eo `crata`l kurasdagtaej, tbl jcturl eo tbl twe assuls crl daoolrljt cjd bljgl tbl
icws cjd rlfuictaejs fevlrjajf tbl` crl cise daoolrljt, cjd tbly sbeuid jet hl dasgussld tefltblr.
Tbl cttl`pt eo tbl ^baiappajl sadl te usl `crata`l kurasdagtaejci rafbts te vaeictl tbl tlrrateraci
sevlrlafjty eo Gbajc as ujtljchil." Tbas pcsscfl `cmls gilcr tbl tbrust eo tbl stctl`ljt; tbl
^baiappajls sbcii jet jlfctl Gbajc's sevlrlafjty evlr Bucjfycj Dce ej tbl prltlxt tbct at as satuctld
watbaj tbl LL[ eo tbl ^baiappajls. Tbas sbews tbct tbl lxgbcjfl eo valws aj qulstaej wcs gljtrld ej
tbl assul eo sevlrlafjty.
. At sbeuid hl ourtblr jetld tbct, tbl baiappajls bcs cttl`ptld te sbew tbct tbl suhklgt-`cttlr eo tbl
lxgbcjfls eo valws hltwllj Gbajc cjd tbl ^baiappajls sajgl 311< gejglrjs tbl ajtlrprltctaej er
cppiagctaej eo tbl Gejvljtaej, hut jetbajf geuid hl ocrtblr ore` tbl trutb tbcj tbas. Basteragciiy, tbl
^baiappajls, hy Xlpuhiag Cgt Je. 7>4? eo 36 Kujl 31?3, pregica`ld cs pcrt eo ats tlrrateraci slc tbl vcst
crlcs eo slc hltwllj tbl `est eutiyajf asicjds aj tbl ^baiappajl crgbaplicfe cjd tbl trlcty ia`ats
lstchiasbld aj tbl Trlcty eo ^cras gejgiudld hltwllj tbl \jatld Wtctls cjd Wpcaj aj 3212, c`ejf
etblr ajtlrjctaejci trlctals, tbus gica`ajf c hlit eo tlrrateraci slc ocr hlyejd 38 jcutagci `ails. Hy
^rlsadljtaci Dlgrll Je. 3
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aj 8>>1 dad at stcrt te chcjdej ats oer`lr `crata`l gica`s aj gejoiagt watb tbl Gejvljtaej, bew geuid at
bcvl stcrtld aj 311< te lxgbcjfl valws watb Gbajc ej `cttlrs gejglrjajf tbl ajtlrprltctaej er
cppiagctaej eo tbl Gejvljtaej tbct crl rlictld te tbl prlsljt crhatrctaej5
34, tbl ^baiappajls lvlj epljiy dlgicrld tbct
tbl vlssli wcs dlpieyld cs c plr`cjljt ajstciictaej ej Xlj'ca Kace aj 3111. Gbajc bcs hllj oergld
te tcml jlglsscry `lcsurls aj rlspejsl te sugb prevegctavl gejdugt. Aj iafbt eo tblsl ocgts, tbl^baiappajls' cggusctaejs cfcajst Gbajc crl hcslilss.
34. Tbas slilgtavl cjd
slio-gejtrcdagtery tcgtag gilcriy vaeictls tbl prajgapil eo feed ocatb aj ajtlrjctaejci icw.
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ajtlrjctaejci ge-eplrctaej" (Jugilcr Tlsts Gcsl (Custrciac v. Orcjgl), Kudf`ljt eo 8> Dlgl`hlr
3164, A.G.K. Xlperts 3164, p. 8?2, pcrc. 4?).
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bcs pregica`ld, te sllm plcgloui rlseiutaej eo tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc assul, hut rctblr, hy rlsertajf te
crhatrctaej, te put peiatagci prlssurl ej Gbajc, se cs te dljy Gbajc's icwoui rafbts aj tbl Weutb Gbajc
Wlc tbreufb tbl se-gciild "ajtlrprltctaej er cppiagctaej" eo tbl Gejvljtaej, cjd te pursul c rlseiutaej
eo tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc assul ej ats ewj tlr`s. Tbas as glrtcajiy ujcgglptchil te Gbajc.
A_. Lvlj cssu`ajf, crfuljde, tbct tbl suhklgt-`cttlr eo tbl crhatrctaej wlrl gejglrjld watb
tbl ajtlrprltctaej er cppiagctaej eo tbl Gejvljtaej, tbct suhklgt-`cttlr weuid staii hl cj ajtlfrci
pcrt eo crata`l dlia`atctaej cjd, bcvajf hllj lxgiudld hy tbl 8>>? Dlgicrctaej oa ild hy Gbajc,
geuid jet hl suh`attld oer crhatrctaej
>? Gbajc oaild sugb c dlgicrctaej aj ouii ge`piacjgl watb tbl
Gejvljtaej.
>?, Gbajc dlpesatld, pursucjt te Crtagil 812 eo tbl Gejvljtaej, watb Wlgrltcry-
Fljlrci eo tbl \jatld Jctaejs c wrattlj dlgicrctaej, stctajf tbct,"Tbl Fevlrj`ljt eo tbl ^lepil's
Xlpuhiag eo Gbajc dels jet cgglpt cjy eo tbl pregldurls prevadld oer aj slgtaej 8 eo ^crt R_ eo tbl
Gejvljtaej watb rlsplgt te cii tbl gctlferals eo dasputls rlolrrld te aj pcrcfrcpb 3 (c), (h) cjd (g) eo
Crtagil 812 eo tbl Gejvljtaej". Aj etblr werds, cs rlfcrds dasputls gejglrjajf `crata`l dlia`atctaej,
basterag hcys er tatils, `aiatcry cjd icw ljoergl`ljt cgtavatals, cjd dasputls aj rlsplgt eo wbagb tbl
Wlguraty Geujgai eo tbl \jatld Jctaejs as lxlrgasajf tbl oujgtaejs cssafjld te at hy tbl Gbcrtlr eo tbl
\jatld Jctaejs, tbl Gbajlsl Fevlrj`ljt dels jet cgglpt cjy eo tbl ge`puisery dasputl slttil`ljt
pregldurls icad dewj aj slgtaej 8 eo ^crt R_ eo tbl Gejvljtaej, ajgiudajf ge`puisery crhatrctaej.
Gbajc oar`iy hlialvls tbct tbl `est loolgtavl lcjs oer slttil`ljt eo crata`l dasputls hltwllj Gbajc
cjd ats jlafbheurajf Wtctls as tbct eo oraljdiy gejsuitctaejs cjd jlfetactaejs hltwllj tbl sevlrlafj
Wtctls darlgtiy gejglrjld.
. Ej 7 Wlptl`hlr 8>>4, tbl twe sadls assuld c Keajt ^rlss Wtctl`ljt eo tbl Fevlrj`ljt eo tbl
^lepil's Xlpuhiag eo Gbajc cjd tbl Fevlrj`ljt eo tbl Xlpuhiag eo tbl ^baiappajls, stctajf tbct "]tPbl
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twe sadls rlcooar`ld tblar ge``at`ljt te tbl plcgl cjd stchaiaty aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc cjd tblar
rlcdajlss te gejtajul dasgussaejs te study geeplrctavl cgtavatals iaml keajt dlvliep`ljt pljdajf tbl
ge`prlbljsavl cjd oajci slttil`ljt eo tlrrateraci dasputls cjd evlricppajf crata`l gica`s aj tbl crlc"
(pcrc. 3?).
?3. Twe dcys hloerl tbl assucjgl eo tbl Keajt ^rlss Wtctl`ljt, upej cpprevci hy hetb fevlrj`ljts
cjd aj tbl prlsljgl eo tbl Blcds eo Wtctl eo tbl twe geujtrals, Gbajc Jctaejci Eoosberl Eai Gerperctaej
cjd ^baiappajl Jctaejci Eai Ge`pcjy safjld tbl "Cfrll`ljt oer Keajt @crajl Wlas`ag \jdlrtcmajf aj
Glrtcaj Crlcs aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc". Ej 34 @crgb 8>>>>? dlgicrctaej, tbl ^baiappajls bcs spiat up tbl dasputl eo `crata`l dlia`atctaej ajte dasgrltl
assuls cjd slilgtld c olw eo tbl` oer crhatrctaej, rlqulstajf tbl Crhatrci Trahujci te rljdlr tbl se-
gciild "ilfci ajtlrprltctaej" ej lcgb eo tbl`.
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??. At as jet daooaguit te sll tbct sugb ilfci assuls cs tbesl prlsljtld hy tbl ^baiappajls aj tbl prlsljt
crhatrctaej, ajgiudajf `crata`l gica`s, tbl ilfci jcturl eo `crata`l olcturls, tbl lxtljt eo rlilvcjt
`crata`l rafbts, cjd icw ljoergl`ljt cgtavatals ct slc, crl cii oujdc`ljtci assuls dlcit watb aj pcst
gcsls eo `crata`l dlia`atctaej dlgadld hy ajtlrjctaejci kudagaci er crhatrci hedals cjd aj Wtctl prcgtagl
gejglrjajf `crata`l dlia`atctaej. Aj sbert, tbesl assuls crl pcrt cjd pcrgli eo `crata`l dlia`atctaej.
?6. @crata`l dlia`atctaej as cj ajtlfrci, systl`ctag preglss. Crtagils 64 cjd 27 eo tbl Gejvljtaej
stapuictl tbct `crata`l dlia`atctaej hltwllj Wtctls watb eppesatl er cdkcgljt gecsts "sbcii hl loolgtld
hy cfrll`ljt ej tbl hcsas eo ajtlrjctaejci icw, cs rlolrrld te aj Crtagil 72 eo tbl Wtctutl eo tbl
Ajtlrjctaejci Geurt eo Kustagl, aj erdlr te cgbalvl cj lquatchil seiutaej". Hetb ajtlrjctaejci
kurasprudljgl cjd Wtctl prcgtagl bcvl rlgefjazld tbct cii rlilvcjt ocgters `ust hl tcmlj ajte cggeujt
te cgbalvl cj lquatchil seiutaej. Aj tbas iafbt, tbl ajtlrjctaejci icw cppiagchil te `crata`l dlia`atctaej
ajgiudls hetb tbl Gejvljtaej cjd fljlrci ajtlrjctaejci icw. \jdlr tbas hedy eo icw, `crata`l
dlia`atctaej ajveivls c gejsadlrctaej eo jet ejiy ljtatil`ljts, loolgt eo crata`l olcturls, cjd prajgapils
cjd `ltbeds eo dlia`atctaej, hut cise cii rlilvcjt ocgters tbct `ust hl tcmlj ajte cggeujt, aj erdlr te
cttcaj cj lquatchil seiutaej.
?2. Tbl assuls prlsljtld hy tbl ^baiappajls oer crhatrctaej gejstatutl cj ajtlfrci pcrt eo `crata`l
dlia`atctaej hltwllj Gbajc cjd tbl ^baiappajls, cjd, cs sugb, gcj ejiy hl gejsadlrld ujdlr tbl
evlrcrgbajf orc`lwerm eo crata`l dlia`atctaej hltwllj Gbajc cjd tbl baiappajls, cjd aj gejkujgtaej
watb cii tbl rlilvcjt rafbts cjd ajtlrlsts tbl pcrtals gejglrjld ljkey aj cggerdcjgl watb tbl
Gejvljtaej, fljlrci ajtlrjctaejci icw, cjd basteragci er iejf-stcjdajf prcgtagl aj tbl rlfaej oer evlrcii
gejsadlrctaej. Tbl ^baiappajls' cpprecgb eo spiattajf ats `crata`l dlia`atctaej dasputl watb Gbajc cjd
slilgtajf se`l eo tbl assuls oer crhatrctaej, ao plr`attld, waii ajlvatchiy dlstrey tbl ajtlfraty cjd
ajdavasahaiaty eo `crata`l dlia`atctaej cjd gejtrcvljl tbl prajgapil tbct `crata`l dlia`atctaej `ust hl
hcsld ej ajtlrjctaejci icw cs rlolrrld te aj Crtagil 72 eo tbl AGK Wtctutl cjd tbct "cii rlilvcjt ocgters
`ust hl tcmlj ajte cggeujt". Tbas waii cdvlrsliy coolgt tbl outurl lquatchil seiutaej eo tbl dasputl eo
`crata`l dlia`atctaej hltwllj Gbajc cjd tbl ^baiappajls.
?1. Estljsahiy, tbl ^baiappajls as jet sllmajf ore` tbl Crhatrci Trahujci c ruiajf rlfcrdajf `crata`l
dlia`atctaej, hut ajstlcd c dlgasaej, ajtlr ciac, tbct glrtcaj crata`l olcturls crl pcrt eo tbl baiappajls'LL[ cjd gejtajljtci sblio, cjd tbct Gbajc bcs ujicwouiiy ajtlrolrld watb tbl ljkey`ljt cjd lxlrgasl
hy tbl ^baiappajls eo sevlrlafj rafbts aj ats LL[ cjd gejtajljtci sblio. Hut tbct ehvaeusiy as cj cttl`pt
te sllm c rlgefjataej hy tbl Crhatrci Trahujci tbct tbl rlilvcjt crata`l crlcs crl pcrt eo tbl baiappajls'
LL[ cjd gejtajljtci sblio, aj rlsplgt eo wbagb tbl ^baiappajls as ljtatild te lxlrgasl sevlrlafj rafbts
cjd kurasdagtaej. Tbas as cgtuciiy c rlqulst oer `crata`l dlia`atctaej hy tbl Crhatrci Trahujci aj dasfuasl.
Tbl ^baiappajls' gica`s bcvl aj loolgt gevlrld tbl `caj csplgts cjd stlps aj `crata`l dlia`atctaej.
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Wbeuid tbl Crhatrci Trahujci cddrlss suhstcjtavliy tbl ^baiappajls' gica`s, at weuid c`eujt te c dl
ocgte`crata`l dlia`atctaej.
6>. Tbl lxgiusaejcry dlgicrctaejs oaild hy tbl Wtctls ^crtals te tbl Gejvljtaej ujdlr Crtagil 812 eo
tbl Gejvljtaej `ust hl rlsplgtld. Hy ajatactajf tbl prlsljt ge`puisery crhatrctaej cs cj cttl`pt tegargu`vljt Gbajc's 8>>? dlgicrctaej, tbl ^baiappajls as chusajf tbl dasputl slttil`ljt pregldurls
ujdlr tbl Gejvljtaej.
63. Gbajc's 8>>? dlgicrctaej, ejgl oaild, cute`ctagciiy ge`ls ajte loolgt. Ats loolgt, cs prlsgrahld ujdlr
Crtagil 811 eo tbl Gejvljtaej, as tbct, watbeut tbl gejsljt eo Gbajc, je Wtctl ^crty gcj ujaictlrciiy
ajveml cjy eo tbl ge`puisery pregldurls splgaoald aj slgtaej 8 eo ^crt R_ cfcajst Gbajc aj rlsplgt eo
tbl dasputls gevlrld hy tbct dlgicrctaej. Aj rlturj, Gbajc sa`uitcjleusiy favls up tbl rafbt te
ujaictlrciiy ajatactl ge`puisery pregldurls cfcajst etblr Wtctls ^crtals aj rlsplgt eo tbl sc`l
dasputls. Tbl rafbts cjd ehiafctaejs crl rlgapregci aj tbas rlfcrd.
68. Tbl ^baiappajls gica`s tbct, bcvajf gbeslj jejl eo tbl oeur ge`puisery dasputl slttil`ljt
pregldurls iastld ujdlr Crtagil 826 eo tbl Gejvljtaej, Gbajc cs c Wtctl ^crty sbcii tblrloerl hl
dll`ld te bcvl cgglptld ge`puisery crhatrctaej. Tbas as c dliahlrctliy `asilcdajf crfu`ljt. Tbl
purpesl cjd tbl loolgt eo Gbajc's 8>>? dlgicrctaej as sugb tbct tbl dasputls iastld tblrlaj crl ouiiy
lxgiudld ore` tbl ge`puisery slttil`ljt pregldurls ujdlr tbl Gejvljtaej. Vbltblr er jet Gbajc
bcs slilgtld cjy eo tbl oeur ge`puisery pregldurls ujdlr Crtagil 826, cs iejf cs c dasputl ociis watbaj
tbl sgepl eo Gbajc's 8>>? dlgicrctaej, Gbajc bcs cirlcdy lxpiagatiy lxgiudld at ore` tbl cppiagchaiaty eo
cjy ge`puisery pregldurls ujdlr slgtaej 8 eo ^crt R_ eo tbl Gejvljtaej, ajgiudajf ge`puisery
crhatrctaej.
67. Citbeufb tbl ^baiappajls preolssls tbct tbl suhklgt-`cttlr eo tbl crhatrctaej dels jet ajveivl cjy
dasputl gevlrld hy Gbajc's 8>>? dlgicrctaej, sajgl Gbajc beids c daoolrljt valw aj tbas rlfcrd, tbl
^baiappajls sbeuid oarst tcml up tbas assul watb Gbajc, hloerl c dlgasaej gcj hl tcmlj ej wbltblr er jet
at gcj hl suh`attld oer crhatrctaej. Wbeuid tbl ^baiappajls' iefag aj ats prlsljt oer` hl oeiiewld, cjy
Wtctl ^crty `cy ujaictlrciiy ajatactl ge`puisery crhatrctaej cfcajst cjetblr Wtctl ^crty aj rlsplgt eo c
dasputl gevlrld hy tbl icttlr's dlgicrctaej aj oergl sa`piy hy csslrtajf tbct tbl dasputl as jet lxgiudld
ore` crhatrctaej hy tbct dlgicrctaej. Tbas weuid rljdlr tbl prevasaejs eo Crtagil 811 `lcjajfilss.
64. Wajgl tbl ljtry ajte oergl eo tbl Gejvljtaej, tbl prlsljt crhatrctaej as tbl oarst gcsl aj wbagb c Wtctl
^crty bcs ujaictlrciiy ajatactld ge`puisery crhatrctaej aj rlsplgt eo c dasputl gevlrld hy c dlgicrctaej
eo cjetblr Wtctl ^crty ujdlr Crtagil 812. Ao tbas twastld cpprecgb eo tbl ^baiappajls geuid hl cgglptld
cs ouioaiiajf tbl gejdataejs oer ajvemajf ge`puisery crhatrctaej, at geuid hl wlii a`cfajld tbct cjy eo tbl
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dasputls iastld aj Crtagil 812 `cy hl suh`attld te tbl ge`puisery pregldurls ujdlr slgtaej 8 eo ^crt
R_ sa`piy hy gejjlgtajf tbl`, usajf tbl ^baiappajls' cpprecgb, watb tbl qulstaej eo ajtlrprltctaej er
cppiagctaej eo glrtcaj prevasaejs eo tbl Gejvljtaej. Wbeuid tbl chevl cpprecgb hl dll`ld
cgglptchil, tbl qulstaej weuid tblj crasl cs te wbltblr tbl prevasaejs eo Crtagil 812 geuid staii rltcaj
cjy vciul, cjd wbltblr tblrl as cjy prcgtagci `lcjajf ilot eo tbl dlgicrctaejs se ocr oaild hy 7< Wtctls
^crtals ujdlr Crtagil 812. Aj iafbt eo tbl oerlfeajf rlcsejs, Gbajc gcj ejiy gejgiudl tbct, tbl ujaictlrci
ajatactaej hy tbl ^baiappajls eo tbl prlsljt crhatrctaej gejstatutls cj chusl eo tbl ge`puisery
pregldurls prevadld aj tbl Gejvljtaej cjd c frcvl gbciiljfl te tbl seil`jaty eo tbl dasputl
slttil`ljt `lgbcjas` ujdlr tbl Gejvljtaej.
6
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darlgtiy rlictld te tbl tlrrateraci ajtlfraty eo Wtctls. Etblrwasl, cs bcs hllj jetld, "c ju`hlr eo Wtctls
`afbt bcvl hllj dassucdld ore` rctaoyajf tbl Gejvljtaej er lvlj safjajf at" (Wbchtca Xesljjl cjd
Ieuas H. Webj (lds.),\jatld Jctaejs Gejvljtaej ej tbl Icw eo tbl Wlc 3128; C Ge``ljtcry, 3121,
vei. v, p. 22, pcrc. 816.3). At oeiiews tbct tbl prevasaejs eo ^crt R_ `ust hl ajtlrprltld cjd cppiald aj
sugb c `cjjlr se cs te prlslrvl tbl hcicjgl aj cjd tbl ajtlfraty eo ^crt R_.
61. Gbajc bafbiy vciuls tbl pesatavl reil picyld hy tbl ge`puisery dasputl slttil`ljt pregldurls eo
tbl Gejvljtaej aj upbeidajf tbl ajtlrjctaejci ilfci erdlr oer tbl eglcjs. Cs c Wtctl ^crty te tbl
Gejvljtaej, Gbajc bcs cgglptld tbl prevasaejs eo slgtaej 8 eo ^crt R_ ej ge`puisery dasputl
slttil`ljt pregldurls. Hut tbct cgglptcjgl dels jet `lcj tbct tbesl pregldurls cppiy te dasputls
eo tlrrateraci sevlrlafjty, er dasputls wbagb Gbajc bcs cfrlld watb etblr Wtctls ^crtals te slttil hy
`lcjs eo tblar ewj gbeagl, er dasputls cirlcdy lxgiudld hy Crtagil 816 cjd Gbajc's 8>>? dlgicrctaej
oaild ujdlr Crtagil 812. Vatb rlfcrd te tbl ^baiappajls' gica`s oer crhatrctaej, Gbajc bcs jlvlr cgglptld
cjy eo tbl ge`puisery pregldurls eo slgtaej 8 eo ^crt R_.
2>. Hy vartul eo tbl prajgapil eo sevlrlafjty, pcrtals te c dasputl `cy gbeesl tbl `lcjs eo slttil`ljt
eo tblar ewj cggerd. Tbas bcs hllj cooar`ld hy tbl Gejvljtaej. Crtagil 82> prevadls tbct, "Jetbajf aj
tbas ^crt a`pcars tbl rafbt eo cjy Wtctls ^crtals te cfrll ct cjy ta`l te slttil c dasputl hltwllj tbl`
gejglrjajf tbl ajtlrprltctaej er cppiagctaej eo tbas Gejvljtaej hy cjy plcgloui `lcjs eo tblar ewj
gbeagl."
23. Tbl lcjs tbus gbeslj hy tbl Wtctls crtals te tbl Gejvljtaej tcmls praeraty evlr tbl ge`puisery
pregldurls slt oertb aj slgtaej 8 eo ^crt R_. Crtagil 823(3) eo slgtaej 3 eo ^crt R_ prevadls tbct, "Ao tbl
Wtctls ^crtals wbagb crl pcrtals te c dasputl gejglrjajf tbl ajtlrprltctaej er cppiagctaej eo tbas
Gejvljtaej bcvl cfrlld te sllm slttil`ljt eo tbl dasputl hy c plcgloui `lcjs eo tblar ewj gbeagl,
tbl pregldurls prevadld oer aj tbas crt cppiy ejiy wblrl je slttil`ljt bcs hllj rlcgbld hy rlgeursl
te sugb lcjs cjd tbl cfrll`ljt hltwllj tbl pcrtals dels jet lxgiudl cjy ourtblr pregldurl." Crtagil
82? stctls tbct, "Wuhklgt te slgtaej 7, cjy dasputl gejglrjajf tbl ajtlrprltctaej er cppiagctaej eo tbas
Gejvljtaej sbcii, wblrl je slttil`ljt bcs hllj rlcgbld hy rlgeursl te slgtaej 3, hl suh`attld ct
tbl rlqulst eo cjy pcrty te tbl dasputl te tbl geurt er trahujci bcvajf kurasdagtaej ujdlr tbas slgtaej."
Cggerdajfiy, wblrl pcrtals te c dasputl bcvl cirlcdy gbeslj c `lcjs eo slttil`ljt cjd lxgiudldetblr pregldurls, tbl ge`puisery pregldurls eo tbl Gejvljtaej sbcii jet cppiy te tbl dasputl aj
qulstaej.
28. Tbl praeraty cjd safjaoagcjgl eo tbl `lcjs eo dasputl slttil`ljt gbeslj hy Wtctls ^crtals te tbl
Gejvljtaej bcvl hllj ourtblr cooar`ld aj tbl crhatrci cwcrd aj tbl Weutblrj Hiuloaj Tujc Gcsl. Tbl
trahujci rlgefjazld tbct tbl Gejvljtaej "ociis safjaoagcjtiy sbert eo lstchiasbajf c truiy ge`prlbljsavl
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rlfa`l eo ge`puisery kurasdagtaej ljtcaiajf hajdajf dlgasaejs", cjd tbct "Wtctls crtals ... crl plr`attld
hy Crtagil 823(3) te gejoajl tbl cppiagchaiaty eo ge`puisery pregldurls eo slgtaej 8 eo crt R_ te gcsls
wblrl cii pcrtals te tbl dasputl bcvl cfrlld upej suh`assaej eo tblar dasputl te sugb ge`puisery
pregldurls" (Custrciac cjd Jlw [lcicjd v. Kcpcj, pp. 3>8-3>7, pcrc. ?8). Vlrl tbl prevasaejs eo
slgtaej 3 eo ^crt R_ jet ge`piald watb ocatbouiiy, at weuid rlsuit aj dlpravctaej eo tbl rafbt eo tbl Wtctls
^crtals te orlliy gbeesl `lcjs eo plcgloui slttil`ljt hcsld ej Wtctl sevlrlafjty. Tbct weuid ljtcai
c hrlcgb eo tbl prajgapil eo gejsljt cjd upslt tbl hcicjgl aj cjd ajtlfraty eo ^crt R_.
27. Aj lxlrgasl eo ats pewlr te dlgadl ej ats kurasdagtaej, cjy kudagaci er crhatrci hedy sbeuid rlsplgt tbl
rafbt eo tbl Wtctls ^crtals te tbl Gejvljtaej te orlliy gbeesl tbl `lcjs eo slttil`ljt. Crtagil 822(4)
eo tbl Gejvljtaej prevadls tbct "]aPj tbl lvljt eo c dasputl cs te wbltblr c geurt er trahujci bcs
kurasdagtaej, tbl `cttlr sbcii hl slttild hy dlgasaej eo tbct geurt er trahujci". Gbajc rlsplgts tbct
ge`pltljgl eo kudagaci er crhatrci hedals ujdlr tbl Gejvljtaej. Lquciiy a`pertcjt, Gbajc weuid iaml te
l`pbcsazl, tbl lxlrgasl eo kudagaci er crhatrci pewlr sbcii jet dlrefctl ore` tbl rafbt eo tbl Wtctls
^crtals te gbeesl tbl `lcjs eo slttil`ljt eo tblar ewj cggerd, er ore` tbl prajgapil eo gejsljt wbagb
`ust hl oeiiewld aj ajtlrjctaejci cdkudagctaej cjd crhatrctaej. Gbajc beids tbct tbas as tbl gejstrcajt
tbct tbl Crhatrci Trahujci `ust chadl hy wblj gejsadlrajf wbltblr er jet te cppiy Crtagil 822(4) aj
dltlr`ajajf ats kurasdagtaej aj tbl prlsljt crhatrctaej. Cotlr cii, "tbl pcrtals te tbl dasputl crl ge`piltl
`cstlrs eo tbl pregldurl te hl usld te slttil at" (Wbchtca Xesljjl cjd Ieuas H. Webj (lds.),\jatld
Jctaejs Gejvljtaej ej tbl Icw eo tbl Wlc 3128; C Ge``ljtcry, 3121, vei. v, p. 8>, pcrc. 82>.3).
24. Gbajc rlsplgts tbl rafbt eo cii Wtctls ^crtals te ajveml tbl ge`puisery pregldurls aj cggerdcjgl
watb tbl Gejvljtaej. Ct tbl sc`l ta`l, at weuid gcii cttljtaej te Crtagil 7>> eo tbl Gejvljtaej, wbagb
prevadls tbct, "Wtctls ^crtals sbcii ouioai aj feed ocatb tbl ehiafctaejs cssu`ld ujdlr tbas Gejvljtaej
cjd sbcii lxlrgasl tbl rafbts, kurasdagtaej cjd orllde`s rlgefjazld aj tbas Gejvljtaej aj c `cjjlr
wbagb weuid jet gejstatutl cj chusl eo rafbt." Vbail hlajf ouiiy cwcrl tbct ats gica`s lssljtaciiy dlci
watb tlrrateraci sevlrlafjty, tbct Gbajc bcs jlvlr cgglptld cjy ge`puisery pregldurls aj rlsplgt eo
tbesl gica`s, cjd tbct tblrl bcs hllj cj cfrll`ljt lxastajf hltwllj tbl twe Wtctls te slttil tblar
rlilvcjt dasputls hy jlfetactaejs, tbl ^baiappajls bcs jlvlrtblilss ajatactld, hy ujaictlrci cgtaej, tbl
prlsljt crhatrctaej. Tbas surliy gejtrcvljls tbl rlilvcjt prevasaejs eo tbl Gejvljtaej, cjd dels je
slrvagl te tbl plcgloui slttil`ljt eo tbl dasputls.
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eo tbl Gejvljtaej cs wlii cs tbl cutberaty cjd seil`jaty eo tbl ajtlrjctaejci ilfci rlfa`l oer tbl
eglcjs. Tbas pesataej eo Gbajc waii jet gbcjfl.
_A. Gejgiusaejs
2?. At as tbl valw eo Gbajc tbct tbl Crhatrci Trahujci `cjaolstiy bcs je kurasdagtaej evlr tbas crhatrctaej,
ujaictlrciiy ajatactld hy tbl ^baiappajls, watb rlfcrd te dasputls hltwllj Gbajc cjd tbl ^baiappajls aj
tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc.
Oarstiy, tbl lssljgl eo tbl suhklgt-`cttlr eo tbl crhatrctaej as tbl tlrrateraci sevlrlafjty evlr tbl rlilvcjt
`crata`l olcturls aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc, wbagb as hlyejd tbl sgepl eo tbl Gejvljtaej cjd as
gejslquljtiy jet gejglrjld watb tbl ajtlrprltctaej er cppiagctaej eo tbl Gejvljtaej.
Wlgejdiy, tblrl as cj cfrll`ljt hltwllj Gbajc cjd tbl ^baiappajls te slttil tblar dasputls aj tbl
Weutb Gbajc Wlc hy jlfetactaejs, cs l`hedald aj haictlrci ajstru`ljts cjd tbl DEG. Tbus tbl
ujaictlrci ajatactaej eo tbl prlsljt crhatrctaej hy tbl ^baiappajls bcs gilcriy vaeictld ajtlrjctaejci icw.
Tbardiy, lvlj cssu`ajf tbct tbl suhklgt-`cttlr eo tbl crhatrctaej dad gejglrj tbl ajtlrprltctaej er
cppiagctaej eo tbl Gejvljtaej, at bcs hllj lxgiudld hy tbl 8>>? dlgicrctaej oaild hy Gbajc ujdlr Crtagil
812 eo tbl Gejvljtaej, dul te ats hlajf cj ajtlfrci pcrt eo tbl dasputl eo `crata`l dlia`atctaej hltwllj
tbl twe Wtctls.
Oeurtbiy, Gbajc bcs jlvlr cgglptld cjy ge`puisery pregldurls eo tbl Gejvljtaej watb rlfcrd te tbl
^baiappajls' gica`s oer crhatrctaej. Tbl Crhatrci Trahujci sbcii ouiiy rlsplgt tbl rafbt eo tbl Wtctls crtals
te tbl Gejvljtaej te gbeesl tbl `lcjs eo dasputl slttil`ljt eo tblar ewj cggerd, cjd lxlrgasl ats
ge`pltljgl te dlgadl ej ats kurasdagtaej watbaj tbl gejoajls eo tbl Gejvljtaej. Tbl ajatactaej eo tbl
prlsljt crhatrctaej hy tbl ^baiappajls as cj chusl eo tbl ge`puisery dasputl slttil`ljt pregldurls
ujdlr tbl Gejvljtaej. Tblrl as c seiad hcsas aj ajtlrjctaejci icw oer Gbajc's rlklgtaej eo cjd jej-
pcrtagapctaej aj tbl prlsljt crhatrctaej.
26. Gbajc gejsastljtiy cdblrls te tbl peiagy eo oraljdiy rlictaejs watb ats jlafbheurajf Wtctls, cjd
stravls oer ocar cjd lquatchil seiutaej aj rlsplgt eo dasputls eo tlrrateraci sevlrlafjty cjd `crata`l
dlia`atctaej hy wcy eo jlfetactaejs ej tbl hcsas eo lquciaty cjd tbl Oavl ^rajgapils eo ^lcgloui Ge-
lxastljgl. Gbajc beids tbct jlfetactaejs as ciwcys tbl `est darlgt, loolgtavl, cjd ujavlrsciiy usld
`lcjs oer plcgloui slttil`ljt eo ajtlrjctaejci dasputls.
22. Cotlr ylcrs eo dapie`ctag looerts cjd jlfetactaejs, Gbajc bcs sugglssouiiy rlseivld icjd heujdcry
dasputls watb twlivl eut eo ats oeurtllj jlafbheurs, dlia`atajf cjd dl`crgctajf se`l 8>,>>>
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maie`ltrls aj iljftb eo icjd heujdcry aj tbl preglss, wbagb cggeujts oer evlr 1>% eo tbl tetci iljftb
eo Gbajc's icjd heujdcry. Ej 8< Dlgl`hlr 8>>>, Gbajc cjd _altjc` gejgiudld, oeiiewajf
jlfetactaejs, tbl Cfrll`ljt hltwllj tbl ^lepil's Xlpuhiag eo Gbajc cjd tbl Wegaciast Xlpuhiag eo
_alt Jc` ej tbl Dlia`atctaej eo tbl Tlrrateraci Wlcs, tbl Lxgiusavl Lgeje`ag [ejls cjd Gejtajljtci
Wblivls aj Hlahu Hcy, lstchiasbajf c `crata`l heujdcry hltwllj tbl twe Wtctls aj Hlahu Hcy. Ej 33
Jevl`hlr 3116, tbl Cfrll`ljt ej Oasblrals hltwllj tbl ^lepil's Xlpuhiag eo Gbajc cjd Kcpcj wcs
safjld. Ej 7 Cufust 8>>>, tbl Cfrll`ljt ej Oasblrals hltwllj tbl Fevlrj`ljt eo tbl ^lepil's
Xlpuhiag eo Gbajc cjd tbl Fevlrj`ljt eo tbl Xlpuhiag eo Merlc wcs safjld. Ej 84 Dlgl`hlr 8>>. Gbajc dels jet gejsadlr suh`assaej hy cfrll`ljt eo c dasputl te crhatrctaej cs cj ujoraljdiy cgt.
Aj rlsplgt eo dasputls eo tlrrateraci sevlrlafjty cjd `crata`l rafbts, ujaictlrci rlsert te ge`puisery
crhatrctaej cfcajst cjetblr Wtctl, bewlvlr, gcjjet hl tcmlj cs c oraljdiy cgt, wblj tbl ajatactajf Wtctl
as ouiiy cwcrl eo tbl eppesataej eo tbl etblr Wtctl te tbl cgtaej cjd tbl lxastajf cfrll`ljt hltwllj
tbl` ej dasputl slttil`ljt tbreufb jlfetactaejs. Ourtblr`erl, sugb cgtaej gcjjet hl rlfcrdld cs aj
gejoer`aty watb tbl ruil eo icw, cs at rujs geujtlr te tbl hcsag ruils cjd prajgapils eo ajtlrjctaejci icw.
At waii jet aj cjy wcy ocgaiatctl c preplr slttil`ljt eo tbl dasputl hltwllj tbl twe geujtrals. Ajstlcd at
waii ujdlr`ajl `utuci trust cjd ourtblr ge`piagctl tbl haictlrci rlictaejs.
13. Aj rlgljt ylcrs, tbl ^baiappajls bcs rlplctldiy tcmlj jlw prevegctavl cgtaejs aj rlsplgt eo
Bucjfycj Dce cjd Xlj'ca Kace. Wugb cgtaejs bcvl frcvliy bajdlrld `utuci peiatagci trust hltwllj
Gbajc cjd tbl ^baiappajls, cjd ujdlr`ajld tbl c`agchil ct`espblrl oer Gbajc cjd CWLCJ `l`hlr
Wtctls te a`pil`ljt tbl DEG cjd gejsuit ej tbl prepesld Gedl eo Gejdugt aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc.Aj ocgt, aj tbl rlfaej eo Weutblcst Csac, at as jet Gbajc tbct bcs hlge`l "ajgrlcsajfiy csslrtavl"= at as
tbl ^baiappajls tbct bcs hlge`l ajgrlcsajfiy prevegctavl.
18. Tbl assul eo tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc ajveivls c ju`hlr eo Wtctls, cjd as ge`peujdld hy ge`pilx
basteragci hcgmfreujd cjd sljsatavl peiatagci ocgters. Ats oajci rlseiutaej dl`cjds pctaljgl cjd peiatagci
wasde` ore` cii pcrtals gejglrjld. Gbajc ciwcys `cajtcajs tbct tbl pcrtals gejglrjld sbcii sllm
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preplr wcys cjd `lcjs eo slttil`ljt tbreufb gejsuitctaejs cjd jlfetactaejs ej tbl hcsas eo rlsplgt
oer basteragci ocgts cjd ajtlrjctaejci icw. ljdajf oajci slttil`ljt, cii pcrtals gejglrjld sbeuid ljfcfl
aj dacieful cjd geeplrctaej te prlslrvl plcgl cjd stchaiaty aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc, ljbcjgl `utuci
trust, gilcr up deuhts, cjd grlctl gejdataejs oer tbl lvljtuci rlseiutaej eo tbl assul.
17. Tbl ujaictlrci ajatactaej eo tbl prlsljt crhatrctaej hy tbl ^baiappajls waii jet gbcjfl tbl bastery cjd
ocgt eo Gbajc's sevlrlafjty evlr tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc Asicjds cjd tbl cdkcgljt wctlrs= jer waii at sbcml
Gbajc's rlseivl cjd dltlr`ajctaej te scolfucrd ats sevlrlafjty cjd `crata`l rafbts cjd ajtlrlsts= jer
waii at coolgt tbl peiagy cjd pesataej eo Gbajc te rlseivl tbl rlilvcjt dasputls hy darlgt jlfetactaejs cjd
werm tefltblr watb etblr Wtctls aj tbl rlfaej te `cajtcaj plcgl cjd stchaiaty aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc.