Post on 28-Jan-2016
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J U L I A S H A R I F F , M A T T C H E A N E Y , I O R I S A N A D A , R E B E C C A S T E W A R T , L O G A N M U R R A Y , A N D X I A O L I N G W U
CHEMISTRY IN MEDICINE AND NUTRITION
Acids in the Body and Food
Acids in the Body Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
◦ Stomach acid, used in digestion◦ pH of 2◦ Kills harmful bacteria
Lactic acid (C₃H₆O₃)◦ Found in dairy products as well
as in the body◦ Produced in body during
exercise and metabolism Carbonic acid (H₂CO₃)
◦ Controls acidity in the body (buffer)
Acids in Food
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C, C₆H₈O₆)◦ Repairs tissue, ligaments,
tendons, etc.◦ Creation of collagen◦ Blocks damage from free
radicals◦ Found in oranges, watermelon,
kiwi, berries, and other vegetables
Citric acid (C₆H₈O₇)◦ Plays a role in metabolism
(citric acid cycle)◦ Found in many fruits and
vegetables
The PH of a base solution is higher than 7 A strong base is a base which breaks down completely (raises pH
to 14) An alkali is a special example of a base, where in an aqueous
environment, hydroxide ions are donated Bases are bitter in taste Slimy or soapy feel on fingers Baking soda, antacids, and lye all contain bases Used more in industry
Human Body PH about 7.4 Three important ways to regulate PH are chemical buffer, the
respiratory system, the urinary system The most important chemical buffer is Bicarbonate (HCO3). HCO3
+ H = H20 + CO2
General Concepts of Bases
pH Regulation in the Body
DIGESTION: BREAKDOWN BY DIGESTIVE PATHWAY-CHEMICAL PROCESS-CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEINS, AND FATS
Mouth Starch hydrolysis: breaks down carbohydrates
using the enzyme salivary amylaseStomach Main acid used for digestion is HCl (hydrochloric acid used for digestion of proteins)
Converts pepsinogen into pepsin (used for digestion of proteins)
Stomach is protected by alkaline mucus H₂O + CO₂ H₂CO₃
Intestines Small intestine
Chyme (acidic mixture of partially digested food) meets alkaline pancreatic juice and bile
Fat-splitting enzymes (lipases) digest fats Large intestine
Largely where water is absorbed
EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN DIGESTION
Oxidation of glucose (after digested into monosaccharide)
Digestion of proteins
CHEMICAL REACTIONS (CON.)
Reaction of glycerol
Urea and Waste End product of nitrogen
metabolism◦ Ammonia, must be
removed from the body◦ Converts it from ammonia
to urea◦ Occurs in liver and is then
transported to kidneys 2 Ammonia + carbon dioxide
+ 3ATP ---> urea + water + 3 ADP
Any block in the urea cycle is harmful to the human body
Extensive ammonia leads to liver damages and death
Hyperammonemia can lead to mental retardation
Fourth most abundant element in the body 2.5% of the weight in the body Constitutes a part of proteins Form skeleton of each cell If too much nitrogen is present it will be
broken down into ammonia Not enough will lead to no synthesis of
amino acids Found in any kind of meat
Nitrogen
PHOSPHORUS Second most abundant element in the body 85% found in bones and teeth Works with calcium for bone structure Provides phosphate for ATP Filters out waste in kidneys Needed for maintenance, growth, and
repair for cells Helps balance other vitamins and minerals Can be found in meat and milk, anything
that delivers calcium and protein will have phosphorus
Carbon Makes up the structure of our bodies Connects and builds different elements
together 18% mass of the human body Carbon is found in almost all foods
Oxygen
• Supports cellular respiration, metabolism• Breathing, diffusion with the blood (heme groups and
hemoglobin)• “electron acceptor” in mitochondria, generates chemical
energy• Many enzymes will use oxygen to catalyze their reactions
(oxidation reactions)• Burns (oxidizes) food to create energy for our bodies• 65% mass of the human body
WHAT IS CALCIUM?• The most abundant
mineral in human body
• 99% of Calcium is found in bones and teeth
• 1% of Calcium help heart, nerve, muscles to work
• Help youth to grow
• Help older people to prevent losing their bones
How do we get Calcium?
• Daily products such as eggs, milk, cheese
• Green Vegetables such as broccoli, spinach
• Other food – nuts, bread, rice, cereals, sesame seeds
• From Supplements
• People who are 19-50 should take 1000mg per day
• Taking too much Calcium could cause stomach upset, nausea, constipation
What is Hydrogen?• The most abundant element in the universe, makes up about
90% of all atoms• The lightest and smallest element, travel throughout the
body• Water is made up of two-thirds hydrogen atoms and one-third
oxygen atom• Over 60% of human body is water• Hydrogen ions are transported to the mitochondria of the
cells which uses hydrogen to create ATP• Slows down the aging process
How do we get Hydrogen?
• Mostly from water
Hydrogen Trivia!
• Deuterium – one in every 6000 hydrogen atoms has a neutron as well as a proton in its nucleus
• Tritium – Very rare hydrogen atoms have two neutrons as well as the proton
*Sources* http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/calcium-000290.htm
* http://cancerhelp.cancerresearchuk.org/coping-with-cancer/coping-physically/calcium/your-body-and-calcium
* http://www.livestrong.com/article/28599-hydrogen-used-body/
* http://www.houseandhome.org/tag/hydrogen-trivia
* http://genesismission.jpl.nasa.gov/science/mod2_aei/fig12.gif
* http://www.rawfoodexplained.com/digestive-physiology-and-food-combining/the-chemistry-and-physiology-of-digestion.html
* http://tuberose.com/Digestion.html
* http://www2.ufp.pt/~pedros/qfisio/digestion.htm
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(chemistry
* http://www.oxygen-review.com/human-body.html
* http://www.mii.org/periodic/lifeelement.html http://www.chemicool.com/elements/nitrogen.html
* http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/633ureacycle.html
* http://medschool.umaryland.edu
* http://www.scienceclarified.com/everyday/Real-Life-Chemistry-Vol-2/Acids-and-Bases-Real-life-applications.html
* http://www.mikalac.com/tech/met/org.html
* http://www.cspinet.org/reports/chemcuisine.htm#adipic
* http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/vitamin-c-000339.htm