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Chapter Thirteen the bureaucracy Learning Outcomes Define the
concept of the bureaucracy and explainwhy such an organization is
necessary. Compare the structure and function of
executivedepartments, executive agencies, independentregulatory
agencies and government corporations. Explain how individuals get
positions in the federalbureaucracy and discuss the history of
attempts toreform that process. Describe the tools and powers that
bureaucraticagencies have to shape policies and regulations. The
Nature of Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy: a large organization structured hierarchically to
carry out specific functions Procedural rules Handles complex
issues Divided according to specialization and expertise of
employees The Nature of Bureaucracy
Public Bureaucracies Multiple groups of leaders Formed to serve
citizens Not organized to make profit Private Bureaucracies Have
single set of leaders Organized to make profit Copyright 2014
Cengage Learning The Nature of Bureaucracy
Models of bureaucracy Weberian model Organized hierarchically
Formal procedures Power flows top to bottom Rules and logical
reasoning Merit advancement The Nature of Bureaucracy
Models of bureaucracy (continued) Acquisitive model Expansion is
goal Size = power Monopolistic model No competition No reason to be
efficient or productive The Nature of Bureaucracy
Bureaucracies compared (U.S. to other industrialized nations) U.S.
federal bureaucracy has significant autonomy Lines of authority not
well defined Federalism means national bureaucracies provide $ to
state bureaucracy counterparts U.S. government owns few
enterprises, but administrative agencies regulate private companies
The Size of the Bureaucracy
Federal bureaucracy about 2.7 million government employees (without
military) Stable at federal level Significant private contractors
growth Since 1970, state and local government growth Government
spending = 40% of GDP Federal Agencies and Their Respective Numbers
of Civilian Employees
Figure 13-1 (U.S. Office of Personnel Management, Federal
Employment Statistics, Table 14) Government Employment at the
Federal, State and Local Levels
Figure 13-2 (Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006) The
Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy
Executive branch Cabinet departments Independent executive agencies
Independent regulatory agencies Government corporations
Organization Chart of the Federal Government
Figure 13-3 (Source: United States Government Manual, (Washington,
DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2007)) The Organization of the
Federal Bureaucracy
Cabinet Departments Accountable to president Performs major
government functions Top officials are political appointees State
Treasury Interior Justice Agriculture Commerce Labor Defense
Housing & Urban Development Transportation Energy Health &
Human Services Education Veterans Affairs Homeland Security
Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning The Organization of the Federal
Bureaucracy
Independent executive agencies Reports directly to president
Examples: Environmental Protection Agency; CIA Independent
regulatory agencies Develops rules/regulations to protect public
interest Agency capture Deregulation and reregulation Examples:
Nuclear Regulatory Commission; FCC The Organization of the Federal
Bureaucracy
Government corporations Businesses created by Congress to perform
public functions Not organized to make a profit Examples: U.S.
Postal Service;AMTRAK Challenges to the Bureaucracy
Overlapping jurisdictions Reorganizing to stop terrorism Department
of Homeland Security Dealing with natural disasters FEMA National
Guard The U.S. Coast Guard patrols the waters of Boston harbor in
preparation for the 2004 Democratic convention. Since September 11,
2001, such precautions have become normal in the Untied States.
(William B. Plowman/Reuters/CORBIS) Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning
Staffing the Bureaucracy
Political appointees Aristocracy of federal government But intense
screening process Confirmations required Average term under two
years Difficult to fire civil servants Lengthy appeals process
Secretary Of State Hillary Clinton speaks during a joint press
conference with her British counterpart, William Hague, at the
State Department building in Washington, D.C. (AFP
PHOTO/Mandel/Newscom) Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning Staffing the
Bureaucracy
History of the federal civil service Spoils system Civil Service
Reform Act of 1883 (Pendleton Act) Civil Service Commission Merit
system Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 Office of Personnel
Management Merit Systems Protection Board Hatch Act (1939) Modern
Attempts at Bureaucratic Reform
Sunshine laws Information disclosure Curbs on information
disclosure since 9/11 Sunset laws First suggested as part of New
Deal Sunset legislation Mostly applied at state level Modern
Attempts at Bureaucratic Reform
Privatization Incentives for efficiency/productivity Most
successful at local level Government Performance and Results Act
E-Government An armed nuclear security officer patrols the coastal
area of the Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant on May 5, 2004, in
Avila Beach, California. SinceSeptember 11, all American utilities
have increased the security at their facilities. (AP Photo/Michael
A. Mariant) Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning Modern Attempts at
Bureaucratic Reform
Helping out whistleblowers 1978 Civil Service Reform Act Anonymous
hotlines Whistle-Blower Protection Act Monetary rewards as
incentive Bureaucrats as Politicians and Policymakers
Power delegated to agencies by Congress as enabling legislation
Agencies must interpret Congress wishes Formulate rules/regulations
Rule-making environment Waiting periods Court challenges
Controversies Bureaucrats as Politicians and Policymakers
Negotiated rule making Business and public-interest groups
encouraged to become directly involved Participants agree to no
court challenges Bureaucrats are policymakers Iron triangles Issue
networks Iron Triangle Figure 13-4 Congressional Control of the
Bureaucracy
Ways Congress does control bureaucracy Passes enabling legislation
Controls funding Conducts hearings and investigations Government
Accountability Office Congressional Budget Office Congressional
Control of the Bureaucracy
Reasons why Congress cannot easily oversee bureaucracy Police
patrol approach (regular review) Fire alarm approach (reaction to
events) FOIA Request The Department of Homeland Security web site
provides guidance on making an FOIA request.
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