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Chapter SeventeenChapter SeventeenThe Romantic EraThe Romantic Era
Culture and Values, 6th Ed. Cunningham and Reich
The Concerns of The Concerns of RomanticismRomanticism
Expression of personal feelingsEmotionality, subjectivityIndividual creative imaginationMystical attachment to nature
The Intellectual BackgroundThe Intellectual BackgroundImmanuel Kant (1724-1804)
Transcendental idealismCritique of Judgment (1790)Art reconciles opposites
Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831)Synthesis of thesis, antithesisOptimistic “World Spirit”
The Intellectual BackgroundThe Intellectual BackgroundArthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860)
Dominating world power is evilThe World as Will and Idea (1819)Despondency, pessimism, gloom
Karl Marx (1818-1883)Universal proletariat, revolutionArtistic realism: social and politicalAnti-capitalism
Industrial Development, Industrial Development, Scientific ProgressScientific Progress
Railroads, factories“a wilderness of human beings”
Physics, chemistryLouis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882)
Theory of evolution, natural selection“Social Darwinism”
Music in the Romantic Era:Music in the Romantic Era:Ludwig van BeethovenLudwig van Beethoven (1770-(1770-
1827)1827)Pioneer of musical RomanticismPathétique
Rooted in classical principlesAutobiographical emotionality
Eroica“… the memory of a great man”Classical structure + Romantic elements
Music in the Romantic Era:Music in the Romantic Era:Ludwig van BeethovenLudwig van Beethoven (1770-(1770-
1827)1827)Fidelo
Love of liberty, hatred of oppressionTriumph over fate
Pastoral“Ode to Joy”Universality of individual emotion
Music in the Romantic Era:Music in the Romantic Era:Instrumental Music After Instrumental Music After
BeethovenBeethovenHector Berlioz (1803-1869)
Fantastic SymphonyFranz Schubert (1797-1828)
Personal emotionMore than six hundred Lieder (songs)Unfinished Symphony
Music in the Romantic Era:Music in the Romantic Era:Instrumental Music After Instrumental Music After
BeethovenBeethovenJohannes Brahms (1833-1897)
Conservative RomanticismSymphony No. 1, intermezzo
Anton Bruckner (1824-1896)Catholicism, mystical visionSymphony No. 8, adagio
Music in the Romantic Era:Music in the Romantic Era:The Age of the VirtuososThe Age of the Virtuosos
Frédéric Chopin (1810-1849)Mazurkas, polonaises“the soul of the piano”
Franz Liszt (1811-1886)Hungarian folk tunesFaust, Dante
Nicolò PaganiniViolin virtuoso, Romantic exaggeration
Music in the Romantic Era:Music in the Romantic Era:Musical NationalismMusical Nationalism
Modest Moussorgsky (1839-1881)Boris Godunov (1874)Russian folksongs, religious music
Bedrich Smetana (1824-1884)Antonin Dvorák (1841-1904)
Music in the Romantic EraMusic in the Romantic EraOpera in Italy: Verdi Opera in Italy: Verdi (1813-1901)(1813-1901)
Bel cantoGaetano Donizetti (1797-1848)Vincenzo Bellini (1801-1835)
Dramatic, psychological truthContemporary life issues
La Traviata (1853)Otello (1887)
Music in the Romantic EraMusic in the Romantic EraOpera in Germany: WagnerOpera in Germany: Wagner (1813-(1813-
1883)1883)GesamtkunstwerkWagnerian characteristics
Musical flowElimination of virtuosityEmphasis on orchestraLeitmotiv
Universal drama, universal emotionThe Ring of the Nibelung (1851-1874)Tristan and Isolde (1865)
Romantic Art:Romantic Art:Painting at the Turn of the CenturyPainting at the Turn of the Century
Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825)Conceptual vs. personal emotion
Francisco Goya (1746-1828)Execution of the Madrileños (1814)No idealizationPersuasive emotionalityPersonal commitment, vision
Romantic Art:Romantic Art:Painting & Architecture in FrancePainting & Architecture in France
Géricault’s Raft of the Medusa (1818)Romantic art of Delacroix (1798-1863)
Use of color to create formViolent, emotional scenesThe Death of Sardanapalus (1826)
Ingres’ defense of classicismLa Comtesse d’Haussonville (1845)
Romantic Art:Romantic Art:Painting & Architecture in FrancePainting & Architecture in France
French RealistsHonoré Daumier (1808-1879)Gustave Courbet (1819-1877)
French architectureClassical forms, ornamentationRiot of confusion
Romantic Art:Romantic Art:Painting in Germany and Painting in Germany and
EnglandEnglandLandscape as Romantic device
Friedrich’s Cloister Graveyard (1810)Constable’s Hay Wain (1821)Turner’s Slave Ship (1840)
Nineteenth-Century Literature:Nineteenth-Century Literature:GoetheGoethe (1749-1832)(1749-1832)
Clarity, balanceabtruse symbolismSturm und Drang
Nature, emotion, anti-authoritySufferings of humanity
Demonic forcesEternal Feminine
Nineteenth-Century Literature:Nineteenth-Century Literature:Romantic PoetryRomantic Poetry
William Wordsworth (1770-1850)Founded Romantic movement“Emotion recollected in tranquility”
Lord Byron (1788-1824)Tormented Romantic hero, ByronicPersonal liberty, freedom
Nineteenth-Century Literature:Nineteenth-Century Literature:Romantic PoetryRomantic Poetry
Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)Atheism, anarchyPerfectability of humanityUnification of extreme emotions
John Keats (1795-1821)Tragedy of existence, peace of death
Nineteenth-Century Literature:Nineteenth-Century Literature:The NovelThe Novel
To entertain and instructHugo’s Les Misérables (1862)
Romanticism + social conscienceFlaubert’s Madame Bovary (1856-7)
Realism, naturalist depictionsBalzac’s The Human Comedy
Contemporary social, political issuesArtistic unity
Nineteenth-Century Literature:Nineteenth-Century Literature:The NovelThe Novel
George Sand (1804-1876)Issues of gender, moral equality
Tolstoy’s War and Peace (1863-9)“Natural person” vs. civilization
Female novelists, social criticsCharles Dickens (1812-1870)
Social justice, evil institutions
The Romantic Era in America:The Romantic Era in America:American LiteratureAmerican Literature
European influences+individualityTranscendentalists
Unity of humans with natureEmerson, Thoreau
Walt Whitman (1819-1892)Importance of the individual, freedomHumanity united with the universe
The Romantic Era in America:The Romantic Era in America:American LiteratureAmerican Literature
Emily Dickinson (1830-1881)Balance of passion, reasonPsychology, faith, skepticism
Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter (1850)
Evil in societyMelville’s Moby Dick (1851)
Profound moral issuesSearch for truth, self-discovery
The Romantic Era in America:The Romantic Era in America:American PaintingAmerican Painting
Significance of landscape paintingNatural beauty=moral beautyHudson River School, Luminists
Winslow Homer (1836-1910)Realism, naturalism, drama
Thomas Eakins (1844-1916)Scientific accuracy, objective truth
Chapter Seventeen: Discussion QuestionsChapter Seventeen: Discussion QuestionsIn what ways did Romantic art alienate the artist? How did it serve to create a more national artistic identity? Explain.Explain how the industrial, technological, and scientific developments of the nineteenth century functioned as catalysts for the Romantic movement. Cite specific examples that illustrate your answer.Consider the role of the landscape in nineteenth-century painting. What psychological and philosophical statements are prevalent during this period with regard to humanity and nature? How is this relationship different from earlier centuries? Explain the this change in perspective.