Chapter 9 Population Distribution and Abundance

Northern Gannet

Late Spring – Mid-Summer

Late Summer – Early Spring

Across the Atlantic …

POPULATION

Population: All the individuals of a Given Species in a Defined Area

Distribution

Distribution: Size, Shape and Location of the area it occupies

ABUNDANCE

Abundance: Total Number of Individuals of Northern Gannet in a Defined Area.

DENSITY

Density: Number of Individuals per Unit Area50 m

60 Birdsin Box

Distribution: Large ScaleSugar Maple (Acer saccharum)

Distribution: Large ScaleSugar Maple (Acer saccharum)

26

Saguaro Cactus (Carneggia gigantea)

POPULATION

Distribution: Large Scale

Saguaro Cactus (Carneggia gigantea)

27

Forrest Shreve (1878-1950)

Distribution: Large ScaleSaguaro Cactus (Carneggia gigantea)

Distribution: Large ScaleSaguaro Cactus (Carneggia gigantea)

Distribution: Large Scale Saguaro Cactus (Carneggia gigantea)

? ?

?

DISTRIBUTION: Large Scale

Fig. 9.3 in Molles 2008

TIGER BEETLE (Cicindela longilabris)

32

Fig. 9.4 in Molles 2006

DISTRIBUTION: Large Scale

NORTH AMERICA VEGETATION TYPES

Distribution: Medium ScaleElevation Gradients (Zonation)

Gila River Valley

23

Arizona Sycamore

Pinon Pine

24

25

Ponderosa Pine

26

White Fir

(Trees of the Gila National Forest)

Distribution: Elevation Gradients

Distribution: Small ScaleIntertidal Gradients (Zonation)

NICHE: Environmental Limits of a Species

Fundamental Niche (Red)

FUNDAMENTAL NICHE: Physical Conditions under which a Species Might LiveIN ABSENCE OF COMPETITION FROM OTHER SPECIES

Fundamental Niche (Green)

REALIZED NICHE: Physical Conditions under which a Species Might LiveLIMITED BY BIOTIC INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER SPECIES

~ 20,000 Years Ago

DISTRIBUTION: Large Scale Temporal Variation

Sugar Maple

Eastern Hemlock

DISTRIBUTION: Large Scale Temporal Variation

Sugar MapleEastern Hemlock

DISTRIBUTION: Large Scale Temporal Variation

European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)39

DISTRIBUTION: Large ScaleTemporal Variation

34

EUROPEAN STARLING (Sturnus vulgaris)

Creosote (Larrea tridentata)

Regular (= Uniform) Pattern

1

2

PATTERN

10

Regular (= Uniform) PatternPATTERN

Parry’s Agave (Agave parryi)

4 6PATTERN

Clumped (= Aggregated) Pattern

Cliff SwallowWilldebeast

DISTRIBUTION: Small ScaleClumped (= Aggregated) Pattern

Cottonwood Mistletoe (Phoradendron macrophyllum)

12

13

DISTRIBUTION: Small ScaleClumped (= Aggregated) Pattern

Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata)

DISTRIBUTION: Small ScaleRandom Pattern

9

DISTRIBUTION: Small ScaleRandom Pattern

Fig. 9-10 in Molles 2006

DISTRIBUTION: Small ScalePattern: Random, Regular, Clumped

Uniform

Temporal Variation in Pattern

Clumped

Random

Creosote(Larrea tridentata)

Fig. 9.13 in Molles 2006

Temporal Variation in Pattern

Creosote (Larrea tridentata)

15

PATTERN: Small ScaleMechanism for Regular Pattern

Fig. 9.14 in Molles 2006

Mechanism for Regular Pattern

78

Pattern at Multiple Spatial Scales

18

21Christmas Bird Count (Winter)

Patterns at Large Spatial Scales

Fig. 9.15 in Molles 2007

American Crow Fish Crow

Patterns at Large Spatial Scales

Christmas Bird Count (Winter)

19

17

18 Breeding Bird Survey(Summer)

Patterns at Large Spatial Scales

Summer Distributions

Red-Eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus)

Fig. 9.16 in Molles 2006

Patterns at Large Spatial Scales

1 http://www.kayaklakemead.com/sitebuilder/images/creosote_bush_range- 420x305.jpg

2 http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/boga/html/Larrea.divaricata.ka.JPG

3 http://www.tarleton.edu/~range/Edwards%20Pictures%2005/ Summer2005_Slides/su05%20247%20creosote.jpg

4 http://www.starr-nursery.com/images/Agave%20parryi%20nw02.jpg

5 http://misheli.image.pbase.com/u34/pinicola/upload/34660473. 020herdpressure.jpg6 http://wc.pima.edu/~bfiero/tucsonecology/plants/images/sw_paag01.jpg

7 http://visel.freeshell.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2006/01/cornfields.png

9 http://citybugs.tamu.edu/FastSheets/images/leafcutter_ant_mound.gif

10 http://ars.sdstate.edu/faculty/smarta/Range415/Prairie%20dog%20need%20 to%20sort%20061.jpg

11 http://k53.pbase.com/o4/29/336929/1/62896394.jfMZnmhh.T2311Swallow NestCommune.jpg

12 http://www.delange.org/MistletoeChristmas/Dsc00094.jpg

13 http://pubs.caes.uga.edu/caespubs/pubcd/images/B999images/B999-8.jpg

14 http://www.tarleton.edu/~range/Edwards%20Pictures%2005/Summer2005 _Slides/su05%20247%20creosote.jpg

15 http://www.dartmouth.edu/~ravirg/images/creosote.root.jpg

16 http://www.wildlife-fantasy.com/artwork/songbirds.jpg

17 http://www.miriameaglemon.com/photogallery/P6040258%20Floyd %20KCR.jpg

18 http://www.epa.gov/cludygxb/images/bbs-2.gif

19 http://www.coffeecreekwc.org/photos/birds/American_Crow.jpg

20 http://www.dpughphoto.com/images/fish%20crow%20ocracoke %2050906.JPG

21 http://www.challender.demon.co.uk/bird/trip/beardedt.jpg

22 http://www.truthorconsequencesnm.net/us_forest/mogollon -mts-o.jpg

23 http://www.delange.org/SycamoreArizona/Dsc00020.jpg

24 http://www.avant-gardening.com/Pinon-Pine---Pinus-edulis.jpg

25 http://z.about.com/d/forestry/1/0/d/2/pp.jpg

26 http://www.friendsofsaguaro.org/sagdistributionmaplarge. gif

27 http://wwwpaztcn.wr.usgs.gov/images/shreve.jpg

28 http://nartowicz.users.btopenworld.com/seedlings/geometricus3.jpg

29 http://www.delange.org/Saguaro/DscSag2.jpg

30 http://www.theus50.com/images/state-quarters/vermont-quarter.jpg

31 http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/taxonomy/plants/spermatophyta/ angiosperms/dicotyledonae/aceraceae/sugar%20maple/JSC%209807 %20Sugar%20Maple.JPG

32 http://www.lesinsectesduquebec.com/insecta/24-coleoptera/cicindela _longilabris-1.JPG

33 http://bailey.aros.net/nature/images/European%20Starling.jpg

34 Ricklefs, R.E. and G. Miller. 2000. Ecology, 4th edition. W.H. Freeman and Co.

35 http://www.birdbuzz.com/site/images/bird_id/red_eyed_vireo.jpg

36 http://www.gdargaud.net/Antarctica/Life/ManyEmperors.jpg

37 http://www.flyingover.net/files/photos/Golden%20eagle%20%20(c)% 20Arne%20Ader.JPG

38 http://fireflyforest.net/firefly/2007/01/22/snow-in-tucson-january-of-2007/

39 http://3quarksdaily.blogs.com/3quarksdaily/images/2007/08/29/shakespeare.jpg