Chapter 8.1

Latin Americans Win Independence

Nationalist Revolution Sweeps the West

Chapter 8

Colonial Society Divided

Race and Class SystemLatin America has social classes that determine job and authority

Peninsulares – Born in Spain, the head the colonial government , society

Creoles – American born Spaniards who can become army officers

Mestizos have both European and Native ancestry

•Mulattos – have both European and African ancestry Slaves,

• Indians at the bottom of security

Revolution in the Americas

• Haiti is first Latin American territory to gain freedom from colonial master

• Slave revolt in 1791 led by Toussaint L’Ouverture

Haiti

•Santo Domingue declares independence in 1803 and is renamed Haiti

•First black colony to win independence

Creoles Lead Independence

• Inspired by the enlightenment, Latin American revolutionaries fight for independence

•Simon Bolivar – Wealthy Creole leads Venezuela in revolution

•Jose de San Martin – leader of Argentinean revolutionary forces

Latin America

•Bolivar – Venezuela declares independence in 1811, Bolivar wins war by 1821

•San Martin – Argentina independence in 1816, San Martin helps free Chile

Latin America

•Bolivar’s and San Martin’s forces drive Spanish out of Peru in 1824

Mexican Independence

• Padre Miguel Hidalgo – Priest who launches Mexican revolt in 1810 leads 80,000 Indian and mestizo followers on Mexico City

Mexico

• Jose Maria Morelos – leads revolt after Hidalgo’s defeat, but loses

•Mexican creoles react, declare Mexico independent in 1821, Central America breaks away from Mexico in 1823

Brazil’s Royal Liberator

•Bloodless Revolution – Napoleon invades Portugal causing royal family to move to Brazil in 1807

•Portuguese court returns to Portugal after Napoleons defeat in 1815

•Portuguese Prince Dom Pedro stays behind in Brazil•Accepts Brazillians’ request to rule their new country

•Official declaration of independence in September of 1822

Independence

•By 1830, nearly all Latin American regions win independence