Post on 17-Dec-2015
THE HIGH MIDDLE
AGES (1050-1450)Chapter 8
Section 1: Growth of Royal Power in England and France
Monarchs, Nobles and the Church How was power
distributed amongst these groups in the middle ages?
How did monarchs try to centralize their power?
Strong Monarchs in England
Middle Ages – Angles, Saxons, and Vikings invaded and settled in England
England exception to the rule – how was feudalism different there?
The Norman Conquest Why did the Duke of Normandy attack anglo-saxon King
Edward’s brother, Harold? What is the significance of the Battle of Hastings in 1066? Why does William win?
Strong Monarchs in England William the Conqueror
How does the new king of England try to centralize his control? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Strong Monarchs in England Tracing the Evolution of Law
and Parliament Henry II – 1154
What did Henry do that continued to format law while still centralizing his power?
Conflict with the Church – What problems emerged between Henry and the RCC? What happened to the
archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Beckett?
Strong Monarchs in England Evolving Traditions of
English Government What happened in England
between the monarch and the barons?
John’s Troubles Faced 3 powerful enemies:
King Philip II of France, Pope Innocent III and his own English nobles
How did he deal with each one?
Strong Monarchs in England
The Magna Carta – What is it? Who made King John sign it in
1215? In this document the king
affirmed a long list of feudal rights What were these rights?
What is the significance of this document? it asserted that the nobles had
certain rights that would eventually be given to all English citizens
it was clear that the monarch must obey the law
Strong Monarchs in England
Development of Parliament During the 1200’s the Great Council evolved into
Parliament Helped to unify England The assembly of nobles clergy, eventually middle
class and the “commons” became known as the Model Parliament
In time became two house body House of Lords and House of Commons Parliament could “check” the power of the king
Successful Monarchs in France
Successors of Charlemagne had little power over the territories ruled by the great feudal nobles
HOW DID EACH ATTEMPT TO CENTRALIZE?
The Capetians 987 – Hugh Capet count of Paris
took the throne Important Achievements:
Successful Monarchs in France
Philip Augustus Phillip II
How did he centralize control during his reign?
Successful Monarchs in France
Louis IX King and Saint Ideal of the perfect
medieval monarch Generous, noble,
and devoted to justice and chivalry
How did he try to centralize power?
Successful Monarchs in France
Philip IV Clashes with the Pope Ruthlessly extended royal
power Tried to collect new taxes
from the clergy Clashed with Boniface VIII
How did they clash? Avignon Papacy
French pope elected and moved the papacy to Avignon France to ensure French kings can control religion within their own regions
Successful Monarchs in France
What is the Estates General? Why was it set up? How is it similar and different when
compared to England’s parliament?
Section 2: The Holy Roman Empire & the Church
Conflict between Popes and Emperor
Pope Gregory VII Determined to make the
church independent of secular rulers
He banned the practice of lay investiture – when a lay person installed a bishop in office
Emperor Henry IV Angered by Pope Gregory’s
actions the two exchanged insulting notes
How did the pope react? What is the significance of the
1122 Concordat of Worms?
The Height of Church Power
Innocent III office 1198 Why is he
considered the most powerful pope of the Middle Ages?
Who did he target and why?
Monarchs started to get stronger and centralized their power
Section 3: European Look Outward
The Crusades Causes:
What were the causes? What council did Pope Urban II call after Emperor
Alexius I ask him for help? Why did the pope agree to help?
The Crusades What motivated the Europeans to go fight in
the Holy Land?
The Crusades
Who was Saladin? Who sacked Constantinople and why? Why did the Europeans lose the
Crusades?
The Crusades Effects of the Crusades on Europe1. Economic Expansion – how?
2. Increased Power of Monarchs – how, why?
3. The Church – what changed?
4. A Wider World View – how so?
5. Religious Anger turned toward Jews – how, why?
The Reconquista in Spain What was the Reconquista? Why did it happen? What monarchs initiated it? What were the effects?
Section 4: Learning Literature and the Arts
Medieval Universities Why did they spring up in the Middle Ages? What were
their purpose? Academic Guilds – what are they? Cathedrals to train clergy Student life
What was it like to be a student?
Women and Learning Women and education
Were women allowed to be educated, why or whynot?
Christine de Pizan Writer born in Italy moved to the
French court The City of Ladies
Questioned several imaginary characters about men’s negative views on women
What role should women play according to men?
“New Learning” Spread of learning
Who was responsible for bringing the interest of learning back to the Europeans?
Philosophy Aristotle taught that people should use
reason to discover basic truths Christians accepted many ideas on faith –
clash To try to resolve conflict – Scholasticism
used reason to support Christian beliefs Resolve conflict between faith and
reason Scholastic thinker Thomas Aquinas –
Summa Theologica Examined Christian teachings in the
light of reason He brought together Christian faith and
classical Greek philosophy Science and Mathematics
Why did science not make many advancements during the Middle Ages?
Medieval Literature Writings began to appear in the vernacular Literature Included epics or long narrative poems Spain’s Poem of the Cid Dante’s Divine Comedy
Italian poet Dante Alighieri takes the reader through an imaginary journey into hell and purgatory where souls await forgiveness and then his vision of heaven
Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales Band of English pilgrims traveling to Thomas Becket’s tomb Characters each have to tell a story
Art and Architecture
Romanesque What did it look like?
Gothic What did Gothic
Cathedrals look like? Why did they have
stained glass windows?
Illuminated manuscripts What were they and
what was their purpose?
The following slides are taken from a Historyteacher.net ppt
RomanesqueFloor Plans
St. Filibert, France, 10c
Interior of a RomanesqueCathedral
The Gothic Cathedral
Gothic Floor Plans
Canterbury Cathedral, England
Interior of a Gothic Cathedral
Interior of a Gothic Cathedral
St. Etienne, Bourges, late 12c
“Flying” Buttresses
Flying Buttress
Gothic “Filigree” Closeups
Cathedral Gargoyles
Stained Glass Windows
Á For the glory of God.
Á For religiousinstructions.
Notre Dame Cathedral
Á Giotto
Á 1305
Á Tempera onwood andground gold.
The Crucifixion
Section 5: A Time of Crisis The Black Death
Causes: What spread it?
Where did it spread to?
Where was it the most dangerous?
Why?
The Bubonic Plague
Fleas•Carried “Yersinia Pestis” Bacteria
Rats•Brown rats infested all homes and the streets of cities
Cities •Poor sanitation
•Larger population = more people living closer
Gobi Desert China 1320s •Mongol hordes brought the bacteria to cities•Spread across Asia via trade routes
Caffa, Black Sea •Genoese sailors fleeing Mongols carried disease on their ship
Sicily, Europe•First account in Messina, Sicily•Ship was quarantined but the fleas and rats escaped and began to spread the Plague•Within two months, half the population of Messina was dead
How does it spread to Europe?
Why was the Plague so deadly?
Life During the Black Death
Bring Out Your Dead! Most people died within
three days of the tumors appearing
Death rates were so high that the disposal of bodies became an issue
In Italy a group known as the becchini hired themselves out to carry away the dead.
In some families, sick members were left in the homes to die while the rest fled elsewhere Where could they flee
where they may have a chance at surviving?
Daily Life
Medicine People still believed that
disease was spread by poisons vapors that corrupted the air People walked around
holding their noses or carrying around flowers
The Faculty of the University of Paris argued that the plague was the result of the conjunction of the planets, Saturn, Mars and Jupiter
Medicine
FlagellantsWho were they? What did they do
to themselves?What effect did
this have on the spread of the plague?
Why did they do what they did?
Superstitions
Europeans looked for someone, or something to blame for this horrific plague, such as?
Witches Women were accused of
being witches especially surrounding the death of so many people
They were midwives and also cared for the sick
Superstitions & Scapegoating
Europeans looked for someone, or The Jews were the ones who suffered the most Why?
Massacres of Jews took place in Germany
Groups were burned as witches
Rise of Anti-Semitism
Social Estimates are
around 25 million out of 44 million perished (approximately 1/3 to ½ Europe’s population)
Effects on the Church?
Art Reflected death in
the 1300s and 1400s
Effects of the Plague
Political Feudal system was weakened by the shortage of labor Peasant revolts occurred throughout Europe
The most famous one was the English Peasant Revolt in 1381 Economic
The shortage of workers created a demand for higher wages and prices
Effects of the Plague
The Hundred Years War Causes
What were the causes? English Victories
Use of the longbow – many victories and took a toll on French morale
The Hundred Years War
Who was Joan of Arc and what role did she play in this war?
French Victories The French troops with the
use of canons were able to remove the English from all of France except Calais
The Hundred Years War - Effects
France Expanding power and national unity
England Rulers had to ask parliament for money to fight war This helped parliament win the “power of the purse”
Medieval World Long bow and cannon became common weapons for
soldiers and undermined knights Castles could not survive canons New monarchs of Europe needed armies not vassals
to fight wars By 1400’s population starts to grow Manufacturing too Italian cities start to flourish with trade Stage is set for Renaissance, Reformation and Age of
Exploration