Post on 27-Dec-2015
Creating a New Government
A. In 1789, Congress set up the Department of State, the Dept of the Treasury, the Department of War and the Office of the Attorney General.
Washington was President and he chose Thomas Jefferson as secretary of state.
Alexander Hamilton became the head of the Treasury Department.
General Henry Knox was Secretary of War Edmund Randolph was the first Attorney General Together, they made up the President’s cabinet.
Creating a New Government continued
The Judicial Branch First federal judges were nominated and
confirmed. John Jay was the first chief justice of the US
Supreme Court
The Bill of Rights was ratified in 1791.1-8 are safeguards to protect individual rights
against actions taken by the federal government.Amendment IX states that people have rights other
than the ones listed and Amendment X states that any powers not specifically listed as given to the federal government would belong to the states.
Financing the Government
It’s 1789 and the country is up and running….but broke.
How can the government raise significant amounts of revenue? Madison’s Plan vs. Hamilton’s Plan
What are the key issues that separate the two men’s points of view on how to handle the revenue issue?
Financing the Government Madison’s Plan
Tariff of 1789 Based on taxing imports (5% of value) Angers Southern planters and they suspect the
central government is not interested in their issuesHamilton’s Plan
Supported the tariff, but also believes the government should be able to borrow money to finance the debt.
The government had issued bonds to pay for the war and now Hamilton wants the gov to accept these debts at full value. He thinks this will give people who own the bonds will then have a stake in the success of the new government.
Paying these off will make people more willing to lend money to the government in the future.
Opposition to Hamilton’s Plan
Led by Madison Unfair to farmers and war veterans, many
of whom who had sold their bonds to speculators
Most bonds were owned by Northerners, which upset Southerners because most of the taxes (from the tariff, remember?) would come from Southerners.
Madison is afraid of creating a big gap of rich vs. poor
Reaching a Deal
Compromise is reached when Madison, Hamilton and Jefferson make a deal: Madison and Jefferson will use their influence
to get Southerners to support Hamilton’s plan In exchange, the nation’s capital will be
relocated to Washington, D.C. Southerners thought this would help balance
the power between the North and the South
The Bank of the United States
Now that the country can borrow money to pay the debt (Hamilton’s plan), it needs a bank to do it.
The Bank of the United States is created to Manage the government’s debts Issue paper money (bank notes) Lend money to the gov and individuals This would create a national currency
Promote trade Encourage investment Stimulate economic growth
But is the bank legal?
Madison and others oppose the BUS because they think it’s not within the enumerated powers given to Congress in the Constitution (Art I Sec 8)
Southerners again are upset because only the Northerners could afford to buy stock in the bank.
This argument over the legality of the bank makes it all the way to the Supreme Court (McCulloch v. Madison)
The doctrine of “Implied powers” is upheld and it’s found that the bank is legal within the “necessary and proper” clause of Article I, Section 8
Washington has to decide whether to sign the bill creating the bank that’s been passed by Congress or veto it and he realizes the precedent this will set.
The bank bill is signed into law and its charter will last for 20 years.
The Whiskey Rebellion
Hamilton is an ardent Federalist and he believes in the right of the government to impose direct taxes on the people.
1791—Congress, under his leadership, passes a tax on the manufacture of whiskey.
Causes outrage among farmers, particularly in the West. Why?
Discontent brews for years and then in 1794, farmers lead an uprising in western PA
Washington and Hamilton want to assert national authority, so they send out 15,000 troops.
The Rise of Political Parties Begins with a split in Congress over Hamilton’s
financial plan Federalists led by Hamilton
Favor strong national government and a wealthy elite Manufacturing and trade as basis for the economy Supported by merchants, bankers, urban workers and
eastern farmers. Democratic-Republicans led by Madison and Jefferson
Agrarianism Favor states’ rights Supported by rural South and West Why did Jefferson think land ownership was so important?
Section 2
Washington’s Foreign Policy Americans split in their support of the French
Revolution Federalists oppose it because of the violence
(executing the king, seizing private property) but Republicans support the fight for liberty.
1793: France declares war on Britain. The peace treaty signed with France required the US to help defend French holdings in the Caribbean.
US tries to be neutral by issuing a statement that America would be “friendly and impartial” to both Britain and France
Jay’s Treaty
Britain begins intercepting ships carrying cargo into French ports.
John Jay sent to negotiate with Britain in an attempt to avoid war with Britain over this issue.
Negotiates Jay’s Treaty Britain can seize ships but US gets most-favored-
nation status. Very politically unpopular: Congress hates it and
public meetings are held to condemn it across the country.
Are the Federalists pro-British? Does prevent war, however.
Pinckney’s Treaty
Spain gets suspicious of Britain and the US forming treaties. (why?)
Thomas Pinckney sent to negotiate with Spain in 1795.
Terms of the treaty US can navigate the Mississippi Can deposit goods at New Orleans Supported by western farmers and the public
in general.
Westward Expansion
Settlement in the Ohio River valley/ and the land between the Appalachians and Mississippi began to take off. This increases tensions with the Native American groups living there. Miami tribe Chief Little Turtle General Anthony Wayne Battle of Fallen Timbers leads to the signing of
the Treaty of Greenville. Increases settlement and Ohio becomes a state
in 1803
Washington Leaves Office
Washington’s Farewell Address
(see p. 1068)What’s the main point
Washington is making?
He issues 3 warnings to the American people.
What are they?
Election of 1796 With Washington not
seeking a third term, it’s election time.
John Adams is the Federalist candidate and Thomas Jefferson is the Republicans’ nominee.
Vote in the electoral college was 71-68
Jay’s Treaty was a big issue in the election.
The Quasi-War With France
How does France go from being an ally to having the public pushing for war against them?
France is mad at the US for signing Jay’s Treaty with the British. (why?)
Americans sent to negotiate and improve relations with France: John Marshall Charles Pinckney Elbridge Gerry
The negotiations become known as the XYZ Affair
(see p. 215) Things escalate as a
result and Congress votes to suspend trading with the French and to authorize the capture of French ships
Turns into an undeclared war at sea between the two countries.
Quasi-War continued
In 1798 France proposes negotiations.
Outcome is the Convention of 1800 US won’t try to
recover losses to shipping from France.
France lets the US out of the treaty signed in 1778.
What was the impact on domestic politics?
“The War Between the Parties”
Federalists angry at harsh criticisms aimed at them for the Quasi-War and pushed the Alien & Sedition Acts
Alien & Sedition Acts
Four separate laws 3 of them aimed at
recent immigrants who tended to vote Republican Wait 14 years for
citizenship (and voting rights)
Pres can deport “dangerous” aliens without trial
4th law made it a federal crime to say or print anything “false, scandalous and malicious” against the federal government or any officer of the federal government.
Targeted those in the press and effectively took away the ability to criticize public officials.
Alien and Sedition Acts continued
The Republicans fight back: Madison and
Jefferson secretly write legislation that gets passed in Kentucky and Virginia known as the VA and KY Resolutions
Key ideas include Interposition Nullification Think about what
these are saying and how they will play a role in the country’s future!
Election of 1800
Who’s running? Adams up for re-
election as the Federalist candidate vs. Thomas Jefferson as the Republican candidate
Key election issues Alien & Sedition Acts Taxes National bank
How do we elect a president anyway? What does Article II in the Constitution say?
This election exposes a problem with this system.
How? What happened? Who won? Why is this election
considered a turning point? See p. 219-220
Section 3: Jefferson in Office
Third president of the US (1801-1809)
Elected in the “Revolution of 1800”
Is an anti-Federalist (Republican) so he wants to limit the scope of the national government
Changes the style of the presidency
Jefferson and the Supreme Court
Congress passes the Judiciary Act of 1801 Created 16 new
federal judge position
Adams had appointed Federalists to fill these positions
Known as the “midnight judges”
Jefferson is not pleased Judiciary Act gets
repealed Republicans begin
targeting Federalist judges for impeachment including Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase, who was impeached but not removed from office.
Marbury v. Madison
The most important Supreme Court decision ever!
There’s a new chief justice, John Marshall Ardent Federalist Wants to redefine
the role of the court
Who was Marbury? Who did he sue? Why? Why did the
Supreme Court get involved?
What was the outcome of the case?
Why does this case matter so much?
Westward Expansion
The Louisiana Purchase Jefferson the
agrarian Napoleon the leader
in France. France has gotten
Louisiana back from Spain, which means the return of France to North America. Jefferson is worried…
Also knows that Napoleon is broke and needs money
Robert Livingston sent to negotiate
Outcome is the best real estate deal in history! Total cost: $15 million to double the size of the country
Westward Expansion continued
Lewis and Clark’s Expedition The “corps of
Discovery” Helped by Sacagawea Follow the Columbia
River all the way to the Pacific
Increased knowledge of the Louisiana territory
Becomes the basis for a US claim to the Oregon territory later on
Lewis and Clark aren’t the only ones wandering around in the wilderness… Zebulon Pike
Pikes Peak Mapped the Rio
Grande Explored northern
Mexico and Texas Learn much about the
Great Plains and Rocky Mountains
The Essex Junto
New England Federalists feel threatened by the Louisiana Purchase Why?
Jefferson’s VP Aaron Burr is convinced to run for governor of New York
Plot hatched to take New England out of the union
Becomes known as the Essex Junto
Hamilton vs. Burr 1807 Burr charged
with treason but found not guilty.
Jefferson’s woes…
Besides having his VP be a murderer…
Rising international tensions with France and Britain Economic warfare impressment
The Chesapeake gets attacked by the British for agreeing to comply with a search Three Americans
killed Ship forced to
surrender More taken into
British custody
War?
Jefferson is now desperately trying to avoid war with Britain and/or France.
Doesn’t want to get American tangled up with European problems
Asks Congress to pass the Embargo Act of 1807
Terms of the embargo Bans trade with France
or Britain Ends up hurting
America more than the countries it targeted
Hugely unpopular and costing the Republican party support
Gets repealed just before Jefferson leaves office
Section 4: War of 1812
Jefferson decides not to run again in 1808.
Madison nominated as the Republican candidate vs. Charles Pinckney as the Federalist candidate. Issues in the election
were the Embargo of 1807 and the international crisis going on with France and Britain
Should the US get involved in the war?
Economic pressures How to get Britain to stop
seizing US ships? Congress passes the Non-
Intercourse Act which outlaws trade with France and Britain but says the president will reauthorize trade with whichever country lifts its trade restrictions first.
Strategy is to get France and Britain to compete against each other.
Economic Pressures continued
That strategy failed, so what to do now?
Next attempt is known as Macon’s Bill Number Two Reopened trade
with both France and Britain but would drop trade with the other for whoever ended its restrictions first.
Napoleon agrees to end trade restrictions but keeps the right to seize ships
Goal was to get Britain to drop its trade restrictions, which doesn’t work, so Congress passes a non-importation act in 1811 blocking trade with Britain.
This strategy eventually works and by 1812 Britain is feeling the economic impact.
Merchants begin to pressure the British government the sanctions, but it’s too little, too late. War is declared anyway.
Why war?
Yes, there were major trade issues, but is this really worth fighting a war over?
Most of the people who supported war were in the South and West (Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun). This group of influential leaders in Congress became known as the War Hawks.
Why did War Hawks want war? Farmers hurt more
than northern merchants by the trade embargos.
Settlers moving west (past the Treaty of Greenville) blamed the British for backing Native American attacks against the settlers.
Why war? continued
Tecumseh and Tippecanoe Clash between “The
Prophet” Tenskwatawa, Tecumseh and William Henry Harrison.
Battle of Tippecanoe The outcome convinces
many Americans that the settlers were right about Britain’s role in attacks.
Is the country even ready for a war? Few troops Little equipment Small navy
Madison is persuaded by the War Hawks in Congress and war is declared. Vote splits along regional lines:
South and West support war while NE doesn’t support “Mr. Madison’s War”
Invasion of Canada
Wait, what? Why Canada? How is it involved?
And how will we pay for a war?
Decision is made to invade Canada from three directions Initial “battles” are
disastrous Battle on Lake Erie with
the British Navy Troops refusing to fight
at Niagra
American forces fare a little better the next year
Commodore Oliver Perry leads a fight on Lake Erie and America gains control.
By 1813, American forces still had not gained any Canadian territory (see map p. 231)
By then Napoleon’s empire has collapsed. This frees up British forces and so more troops can now be sent to fight in America
Britain Attacks
Attention had been focused on Canada Britain sails into the
Chesapeake and lands forces outside Washington, D.C. Madison and other leaders are forced to flee and the British burn the White House and Capitol Building
Next British target is Baltimore, MD.
Is better prepared Ft. McHenry British retreat &
abandon their attack. Britain then attacks
New York from Canada (Montreal). Goal was to gain control of Lake Champlain.
War of 1812 continued
The Hartford Convention Remember the Essex
Junto? All the fighting in New
England has made the war even more unpopular
Group meets to see what options they might have for leaving the US or pressuring the US gov to end the war.
The Battle of New Orleans the British are handed a
defeat at New Orleans General Andrew Jackson
became a national hero The Federalist Party
begins to unravel because the war is an American victory and they look unpatriotic for trying to plot to leave the country.
The war ends…
Treaty of Ghent No territory
changed hands Boundaries
remained as they had been before the war
Oregon Country is jointly claimed for 10 years
US-Canadian border is fixed.
So what’s the lasting impact of the war? Increased
nationalistic feelings/patriotism
Increased prestige for America
Increased sense of national unity
To review…
Key people Name the first 4
presidents in order!
Key War Hawk leaders
Who had treaties named after them?
Who do we associate with the Louisiana Purchase?
What can you say about the foreign and domestic policy of the first four presidents?
How did the political party system change during this period?
How did the Supreme Court change during this period?