Chapter 4: Society

Bell Work Get Folders and books In folders Draw a line and right Chapter 4 Task #1

Define what you think society is Then Read Page 92 -93

Read up to Hunting/Gathering Societies

Society

What is society? Group of people who interact in a defined territory

and share a culture We will look at four important views

explaining the nature of human societies

Gerhard Lenski

Focus is on Sociocultural Evolution Changes that occur as a society acquires new

technology The more technological info a society has, the

faster it will change Identifies 5 types of societies based on their level

of technology

Reading Activity

Get with 9 o’clock partner Read/Answer section assigned to you 10 minutes Share with class your findings

Hunting and Gathering: Based on surroundings

Use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation.

Food production is relatively inefficient Historical Period

Only type until about 12,000 years ago (few remain) Prod. Technology

Primitive weapons/tools Pop. Size

25-40 people; relatively small and scattered

Hunting and Gathering

Settlement Patterns Scattered, often nomadic (follows food)

Social Organization Family Centered, specialization limited to age/sex Little social inequality; very egalitarian

Examples Bushmen of S.W. Africa Aborigines of Australia Kaska Indians of Canada

Horticultural and Pastoral Historical Period

From 12,000 years ago to 3000 B.C Productive Technology

Horticultural: Use of hand tools to cultivating plants Pastoral: Domestication of animals

Population Size Up to several hundred in a settlement Connect up to a thousand thru trading ties

Horticultural and Pastoral Settlement Patterns

Horticulturists= small permanent settlements Pastoral= Nomadic

Social Organization Family Centered; Religious system developing Moderate Specialization (farmers, herders, etc) Increased social inequality

Examples Middle Eastern societies up to 5000 BC Various societies today in New Guinea and Pacific Islands

Agrarian: Based on Agriculture Historical Period

Started about 5,000 years ago Dwindling numbers today

Productive Technology Animal Drawn Plow Initiated Civilization: invented Wheel, writing, numbers.

Population Size Millions

Settlement Patterns Cities common, but only contain small portion

Social Organization Family importance lessens; Religious, economic, political systems

emerge Extensive Specialization; increased social-inequality

Examples: Egypt during pyramids, Medieval Europe

Industrial: Based on Industrialism Historical Period 1750 to present

Productive Technology Advanced sources of energy to power large

machinery increased goods production Water and steam power to operate mills/factories

Population Size Millions of people

Industrial Settlement Patterns

Various cities; contain most of population Social Organization

Highly Specialized: social inequality up then down Distinct religious, political, economic, educational,

and family systems Eroded many traditional values, beliefs, and customs

Examples Most societies today in Europe, N. America,

Australia, and Japan

Post-Industrial: Based on Info Tech. Historical Period Emerging in recent decades

Productive Technology Computers that support an info based economy Industrial Production declines; info processing w/

computers increases and changes job structure Population Size

Millions of people

Post-Industrial

Settlement Patterns Remains concentrated in cities

Social Organization Similar to Industrial but info processing and

service industry replacing industrial production Examples

High Functioning Industrial societies now entering this.

Limits of Technology

Expanding Technology can help solve many social problems

Also creates new (often harder) problems as it remedies old ones

Increases specialization and social inequality

Lesson Closing

Work on project stuff, ask questions!!!

Bell Work

Complete In the Times pg. 96 in folders Task #2

Answer these questions as task #3 What were the 5 types of sociology based on

Technology by Lenski? Hunting Gathering- hunters/gatherers Horticultural/ Pastoral- Growing plants/domestic animals Agrarian- Farming Industrial- Machinery to power large factories Post-industrial- Information age

Karl Marx: Society and Conflict Focus Stressed Social Conflict: Struggle b.t. parts of society

over valued resources…mostly class conflict Society and Production

Divided society in two: Capitalists/ Proletariats Capitalists (Profit oriented)

People who owned factories and other productive enterprises Proletariat

People who provided the labor for those factories/enterprises Believed in capitalistic society conflict b.t these two was

inevitable.

Society and Production All societies were made up of Social institutions

Major spheres of social life (subsystems) meant to meet human needs

Believed the Economy to be the infrastructure that all social institutions were based Modern societies economies reinforced capitalistic

domination Basis= Materialism

That production of material goods shapes all of society False Consciousness: blaming individual over

society

Conflict and History

Early hunting/gathering societies were equal Movement towards industrial capitalism led to

increase in social inequality Blame on the bourgeoisie class (capitalists) As well as an increase in the proletariat

What do you think his main vision was? Class uprising by the proletariat!!

Lesson Closing

Read Post Industrial Workplace Answer Questions in Journals as Task #4

Look at Superstructure Diagram pg. 101 Do you agree/disagree w/ Marx?

Read pgs. 102-104; Capitalism up to Weber Work on any part of projects

Ask Questions

Bell Work: Get books/folders

What is the Focus of Karl Marx? Stressed Social Conflict

What did he divide society into? Capitalists Proletariats

Explain each division Capitalists= owners of factories Proletariats= providers of labor

What is the infrastructure of all social institutions? Economy

What is the basis of his view or shaper of society? Materialism

Capitalism and Class Conflict

Two major classes Rulers: capitalists Oppressed: proletariat

Class conflict: Inevitable in Marx’s view Antagonism (hostility) b.t. classes over distribution

of wealth in society

Capitalism and Class Conflict

How will conflict occur? Proletariat must reach class

consciousness Recognition of their class

unity against capitalism WORKERS UNITE!!!

Organize and rise in revolution w/ numbers

Nature of capitalists will resist unity

Capitalism and Alienation

Marx believed that capitalism promoted Alienation Experience of isolation from feeling powerless

4 Ways Capitalism does this! (Think Rundown) Alienation from the act of working Alienation from the products of work Alienation from other workers Alienation from human potential

REVOLUTION

Certainty that eventually a socialist revolution would overthrow the capitalist system!!

Lesson Closing

Anomie (loss/erosion of norms/values) Society is failing to give moral guidance to individuals

Read rest of Marx vs. Durkheim Supplemental lecture Answer questions in folder as Task #5

Then Read What is Marxism; Task #6: Summarize the articles key points of what

Marxism is and look up/define two words you didn’t know/understand

Bell Work

Get books/folders What are the 5 types of societies by Lenski?

Hunter/Gatherer, Pastoral/Horticultural, Agrarian, Industrial, Post-industrial

What did Marx belief to be the foundation of a society? Economy

What was Marx’s main focus? Social conflict based on Materialism

What is Lenski’s main focus? Society changes occur as technology is developed

Max Weber: Rationalization of society Direct Contrast to Marx

Reflected more of an idealistic perspective that human ideas shape society

Ideal types: Abstract statements of the essential

characteristics of any social phenomenon I.E.: Hunter/Gatherer, pre/post industrial societies

Max Weber: Rationalization of society Two world views

Classified according to the way people think about their world

Members of pre-industrial societies are bound by Tradition Sentiments/beliefs passed from generation to generation. People are guided by past, and what is right/wrong by what

they have accepted for a long time Members of post-industrial societies are guided by

Rationality Deliberate, matter-of-fact calculation of the most efficient

means to accomplish something Tradition become just one type of the info calculated

Max Weber: Rationalization of society Rationalization of society

Historical change from tradition to rationality as the main mode of human thought

Evidenced by the Industrial revolution and capitalism

Look at pg. 106 caption This willingness to adopt new technology is a strong

indicator of how rationalized a society is.

Max Weber: Rationalization of society Is capitalism Rational?

Considered capitalism the essence of rationality Weber vs. Marx

Weber believed it to be rational Marx not. Why?

Marx thought it didn’t mean the greater good Weber thought it so b/c people used rationalization to make

money in any possible way

Lesson Closing Task #6: Answer Questions 1-8 on pg. 114 Go over with 5 Min.’s left

Bell Work

Grab books/folders Get article from back Go over answers from 1-8 on pg. 114 Finish Weber

Protestants and Capitalism

Weber’s Great Thesis Traced roots of modern rationality (and capitalism)

to Calvinist Protestantism Preached predestination and notion that success in

one’s calling testified to one’s place among the saved “Working hard and being successful = heaven”

Showed ability of ideas to shape society

7 Characteristics of Rational Social Organization

Distinctive social institutions These are rational strategies to meet human needs efficiently

Large-Scale Organizations Show rational strategies of making larger decisions. Church,

government, etc. Specialized Tasks

Not seen in traditional societies. Personal Discipline

Modern societies value this. Encouragement of achievement/success show rationality in business

7 Characteristics of Rational Social Organization

Awareness of time Summed up in “Time is money”

Technical Competence Rationality judges people on “what” they are. Basis on education, skills, and abilities Sports saying “If you’re not getting better you’re getting

worse” Impersonality

Rational societies use competence for hiring, creating an impersonal interaction

Concern more over tasks/skills than people themselves

Rationality and Bureaucracy

Bureaucracy Large, rational organizations

Growth of Rational bureaucracies was key in origin of modern society

Bureacracy is similar to capitalism Everything wants to be done w/ as much

speed/efficiency as possible

Rationality and Alienation

Agreed w/ Marx in that modern society generated dehumanization and alienation

Reasoning was different though!! Marx believed it caused by inequality

Weber believed it to be caused by the countless rules and regulations of bureaucracy.

Lesson Closing

Task #7: Read article and answer ?’s to it in your folder

Look at Caption on left of pg. 208; realize what it portrays How many times have you heard a govt. official or

someone say….. Its not personal, its policy, or business?

Task #8:Answer Your Turn on pg. 108

Bell Work

Get books/Folders Ready for notes right away RIGHT MEOW!!

Durkheim: Society and Function Viewed Social facts as a focus for looking a society. Believed them rooted in society and not just individual experiences Patterns of human behavior (norms, values, beliefs)

Function: Society as a system Idea that social facts help society function as a whole

system not just individual existence Read section over this (pg. 109)

Durkheim: Society and Function Personality

People build personalities by internalizing social facts

How we think, act, and feel is a product from the society that nurtures us.

Modernality and Anomie He recognized the advantages of modern day

freedoms but warned of Anomie Condition in which society provide little moral guidance.

Read Section (pg. 110) and think of a current example that proves to this!! Miley Cyrus!?!?

Durkheim: Society and Function Evolving Societies

Believed in different reasons than Marx/Weber for cause of Rapid social change (Ind. Rev.)

Key Expanding Division of Labor: Specialized economic activity

Traditional Societies Strong collective conscience or Mechanical solidarity

Social bonds, based on shared values, strong among members

Modern Societies Mech. Solidarity becomes weaker Organic Solidarity: social bonds based on specialization,

becomes stronger People become less moral conscious and more Interdependent

Four Visions of Society

What holds them together? Lenski: United through a shared culture, but

lessens as technology develops Marx: No real unity but more social class conflict

Only true unity if production becomes a cooperation Weber: Tradition joined them in past, now it is

rational large-scale organizations Durkheim: Unity through solidarity, mechanical of

past and organic today ( morals vs. specialization)

How do they change?

Lenski: Based in terms of changing tech. and production power

Marx: Based on production power that brings class conflict into

open Weber:

Occurs b/c people change the way they view the world. From traditional (morals) to rational.

Durkheim: Changes in solidarity, from mechanical (likeness, morals)

to organic (specialization)

Why have they changed?

Lenski: Social change through technological innovation

Marx: Class struggles push for change

Weber: Ideas push for change (Calvinism)

Durkheim: Division of labor pushes change

Lesson Closing

Read Applying Soc. Box (pg. 112 Answer ?s in folder

Test on Wednesday Review tomorrow