Post on 12-Jan-2016
Chapter 20The Kingdom PROTISTA
What is a Protist??“first organism”
• Classified for “what they are NOT”
• NOT a plant, an animal, a fungus, or a prokaryote
• Eukaryotes– ?
• Have membrane bound organelles
• Most are unicellular BUT some are multicellular
Evolution of Protists
• Kingdom= Protista
• Where did the first protists come from??
• Margulis created a hypothesis– Evolved from a symbiosis of several cells– Eukaryotic cells evolved from symbiotic
prokaryotes– ENDOSYMBIONT HYPOTHESIS
http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k2endosymb.html
How do we classify Protists??
• The way they obtain energy• Heterotrophs= “Animal-like Protists”• Photoautotrophs= “Plant-like Protists”• External Digestion (decomposer or parasites)=
“Fungus-like Protists”
• This classification does NOT represent their Evolutionary History
Animal Like ProtistsPHYLUMS
• Classified by the way they MOVE
• Zoomastigina
• Sarcodines
• Ciliophora
• Sporozoa
Phylum Zoomastigna• “zooflagellates”
• Animal-like
• Swim using _______?
• Absorb food through their CELL MEMBRANES– decaying organic mater
• Live in lakes & streams or w/in other organisms
• Reproduce Assexually (mitosis or cytokinesis)
• Some reproduce Sexually (forming gamete cells)
• Ie/ Trypanosomes- cause African sleeping sickness
Phylum Sarcodina• “Sarcodines”• Best example= AMOEBA• Move using temporary projections= Pseudopods
– Moves by extending a pseudopod away from its body
– Th cytoplasm then streams into the psuedopod and the rest of the cell follows= AMOEBOID MOVEMENT
• Pseudopods are also used for eating– Surround their food with their pseudopod and form food vacuoles
• Food Vacuole= small cavity in the cytoplasm that temporarily stores food.
• Other ie/ Foraminiferans (calcium carbonate shells)
Heliozoans (spiky projections, “sun animal”)
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artsep01/amoeba.html
• http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/protists/amoeba.shtml
Foraminiferans Heliozoan
http://www.cladocera.de/protozoa/rhizopoda/imgal_heliozoa.html
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/foram/foramintro.html
Phylum Ciliophora
• “Ciliates”
• Move using ________?
• Found in both fresh and salt water
• Free living- do not exist as a parasite
• ie/ Paramecium
Anatomy of Paramecium• Trichocysts= small structures use for defense, located
on the inside of the cell membrane.• 2 types of Nuclei:• 1. Macronucleus= contains most of the genes that the
cell needs in its day-to-day existence.– Respiration, protein synthesis, and digestion
• 2. Micronucleus=”reserve copy” of genes– Used during reproduction
• Gullet=indentation is which food is swept into• Anal Pore= eliminates waste materials• Conjugation= 2 paramecium attach and exchange
genetic information.
http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/conn.river/parameci.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Paramecium.jpg
Phylum Sporozoa• Sporozoans
• Do not move on their own
• Parasitic
• Complex life cycles with more than 1 Host
• Sporozoites- Attach to a host cell, penetrate it & live within it
• Ie/ Plasmodium – Carried by female Anopheles mosquito causes
Malaria
Animal-like Protists & Disease• MALARIA • Infected mosquito bites a human• Saliva contains sporozoites which enter the
blood stream• Plasmodium infect liver cells and then red
blood cells• Red Blood Cells burst they release
Plasmodium into the blood stream– Fever, chills
• Must control the mosquitoes that carry Malaria
Animal-like Protists & Disease• African Sleeping Sickness
– Caused by????
• Spreads by tsetse flies• Trypanosomes destroy red blood cells and infect
tissues• Fever, chills and rashes• Nerve cells• Amebic Dysentery
– Caused by ???
• Entamoeba• Live in intestines and absorb food from the host• Attack the walls of the intestine
Animal-like Protists & Disease
• Live symbiotically within other organisms
• Trichonympha- (zooflagellate) live within the digestive track of termites
• Recycle nutrients
• Serve as food for larger animals
• 1. SARCODINES - protozoan with pseudopods example: Ameba
• PSEUDOPODS- "FALSE FOOT" - a temporary bulge of the cell membrane that fills with cytoplasm. the organism can move and use the pseudopods to trap food
• CONTRACTILE VACUOLE- ( water pump) a structure that collects the extra water and then expels it from the cell
• Answer to QUIZ:http://rcs.rome.ga.us/hargett/biology/protista/amebadia.htm
Ameba Movement
Ameba preying on Paramecium
Ameba Waste Disposal
PART LABEL FUNCTION
A endoplasm it houses all the cells organellesB ectoplasm since in a gel state it protects the cell
Ccontractile vacuole
it expels excess water from the cell
D pseudopodium plays a role in locomotion and food capture
E cell membranecontrols movement of substances into and out of the cell
F food vacuole digests engulfed foodG nucleus controls activities of the cell
• 2) CILIATES - protists with cilia example: paramecium
• CILIA - hair-like projections from cells that move in a wavelike pattern used to move obtain food and sense the environment
• Micronucleus - small nucleus that control reproduction• Macronucleus - larger nucleus that controls every day
tasks of the cell• BINARY FISSION - a type of asexual reproduction
organism divides• CONJUGATION - sexual reproduction the paramecia
join and exchange genetic material.
Paramecium Movement
Different Types of Ciliates
http://www.micrographia.com/specbiol/protis/cili/cili0100/parmov01.htm
FOOD VACUOLE digest food and takes around cell
MACRONUCLEUS controls reproduction
PELLICLE gives shape
CONTRACTILE VACUOLE pumps water out of cell
CILIA hair like structures that move back and forth
MICRONUCLEUS controls reproduction
GULLET opening collects food like a mouth
TRICHOCYSTS stinging cells that paralyze prey
ANAL PORE opening to remove wastes
• 3. ZOOFLAGELLATES - use flagella to move most have 1-8 long whip-like structures
• FLAGELLA - long whip like structures used to help movement
• symbiosis - a close relationship where at least one of the species benefits
• mutualism - both partners benefit from living together• Trypanosomes- cause African sleeping sickness
• 4. SPOROZOANS - all are parasites that feed on the cells and body fluids of their host – example : PLASMODIUM causes malaria has two host a
mosquito and a person causes high fevers that alternate with severe chills, symptoms can last weeks and reappear a few months later
Phylum
Movement Characteristics
Nutrition Reproduction
Free Living/ Symbiont
Example
Zoom-astigina
Sarcodina
Ciliophora
Sporozoa
Plant Like ProtistsPHYLUMS
• Typically called “Algae”
• 7 major Phyla of algae classified for their cellular characteristics
• Unicellular vs Multicellular
• Unicellular
• Euglenophyta
• Chrysophyta
• Bacillariophyta (DIATOMS)
• Pyrrophyta (DINOFLAGELLATES)
Chlorophyll and Accessory Pigments
• Chlorophyll and Accessory pigments capture light
• Groups of algae adapted different forms of chlorophyl– Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b & chlorophyll c– Absorb different wavelengths of light– Good bc now algae can use more energy of sunlight.
• Accessory pigments absorb light at different wavelengths than chlorophyll.
Phylum Euglenophyta• “Euglenophytes”• Closely related to animal-like flagellates
– ??
• 2 flagella– Emerge from the gullet– Longer one spins and pulls the organism rapidly through
the water
• No cell wall• Ie/ Euglenas
Structure of Euglena• Live in lakes & ponds
• Eyespot= cluster of red pigment, helps to find sunlight
• Can live as heterotrophs.– Absorb nutrients from decaying matter
• Do NOT have cell walls but they have a…
• PELLICLE= intricate cell wall– Ribbon like ridges supported by microtubules– Tough and flexible
• Reproduce assexually
Euglena
Phylum Chrysophyta• Chrysophytes
• “golden plants”
• Yellow green algae & golden-brown
• Chloroplast= bright yellow pigment
• Some have cell walls with PECTIN– Unlike others whose cell walls contain ????
Phylum Bacillariophyta• ******“DIATOMS”
• Most abundant and beautiful organisms
• Thin, delicate cell walls rich in Silicon
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/wimsmall/diadr.html
http://www.indiana.edu/~diatom/diatom.html
Diatoms
Phylum Pyrrophyta
• *****“Dinoflagellates”
• Flagella
• ½ are photosynthetic & other ½ are heterotrophic
• Asexual reproduction
• “fire plants”
• Luminescent – give off light when agitated in water
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/dinoflagellate.html http://www.microscopy-
uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artsep01/dinof.html
Dinoflagellates
Euglena & Dinoflagellates
Ecology of Unicellular ALGAE• Common in both fresh and salt water
• Food for organisms
• Phytoplankton= photosynthetic portion of the plankton located on the surface of the ocean– Carries out about ½ of the photosynthesis that occurs
on Earth
• “Red Tide”- bloom of dinoflagellates– Produce toxins and become concentrated in filter-
feeders
REVIEW:• What do chlorophyll and Accessory Pigments do
in Algae?
• What are the 4 Phyla of unicellular plant-like protists?
• How do most unicellular Algae get food?
• What is the role of unicellular algae in the environment?
Allow algae to harvest and use the energy from sunlight
Euglenophyta, Chrysophyta, Diatoms, Dinoflagellates
Use energy from sunlight to produce food.
They are at the base of aquatic food chains- make up phytoplankton
Multicellular Algae• Red, Brown and Green Algae
• Most are Multicellular
• They differ in their photosynthetic pigments
• People use Algae and the chemicals produced by Algae in different ways:– Chemicals= treat stomach ulcers, High blood
pressure, and arthritis– Have you ever eaten Algae???– Used to make plastic, deodorant, and agar
Multicellular Algae• Red Algae= chlorophyll a and reddish accessory
pigments• Can live at great depths bc they absorb blue wavelngths• Green, purple &reddish-black• Coral ecosystems• Brown Algae=• Chlorophyll a & c & brown accessory pigments• Largest and most complex• Green Algae=• Chlorophyll a & b • Share many characteristics with plants
Fungus-like Protists• Heterotrophic
• Absorb nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter.
• Some cause plant disease
• Lack Chitin walls
• Slime Molds (play the key role in recycling organic matter)– Cellular & Acellular
• Water Molds (thrive on dead/decaying organic matter in water).