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CHAPTER 19, SECTION 1
Metals
Metals USUALLY HAVE COMMON PROPERTIES...
Good conductors of heat Good conductors of electricity All but one (mercury) are Solid at room
temperature Have Luster (reflect light) Are Malleable (can be hammered or
rolled into sheets) Are Ductile (can be drawn into wires) Have 1-3 electrons in their outer
energy level and typically form Ionic Bonds
METALLIC BONDINGPositively charged metallic ions are surrounded by a cloud of electrons. The electrons move freely among many positively charged ions.
THE ALKALI METALS
Group 1 of the periodic tableAre softer than most other metalsMost REACTIVE of all the metalsThey react rapidly with water and
oxygenHave one electron in outer shellFrancium is extremely rare and
radioactiveRadioactive element: is one in
which the nucleus breaks down and gives off particles and energy
The Alkaline Earth Metals
Group 2 of the periodic tableHave 2 electrons in their outer shell
Used in fireworks!Magnesium-bright whiteStrontium-Red
TRANSITION ELEMENTS
•Groups 3-12•Transition elements are the most familiar because they are found in nature as uncombined elements, unlike Group 1 & 2 elements which are less stable
IRON TRIADIron, Cobalt, & NickelAll three of these elements are used in the process to create steel and other metal mixtures.Iron is the most widely used of all metals
COINAGE METALS
Copper, Silver, & GoldGroup 11Were once used to make coins…why not anymore?Were used to make coins because they are so stable and malleableMost coins now are made of nickel and copper
INNER TRANSITION METALS
Atomic numbers 58-71 Are called lanthanides
because they follow the element lanthanum
Some of the lanthanides are used by the movie industry and to produce the colors you see on your tv screen!
Atomic numbers 90-103
Are called actinide series because they follow the element actinium
All of the actinides are radioactive & unstable
Lanthanides Actinides
METALS IN THE CRUSTThe crust is the Earth’s hardened outer layer
Contains metals such as gold and copper
Metals in the Earth’s crust that combined with other elements are found as ores.After an ore is mined from Earth’s crust, the rock is separated from the mineral.
NONMETALS
Ch.19, Section
2
NO
NM
ETALS
Usually gases or brittle solids at room temperature
Right of the metalloid line (staircase)
Not malleableNot ductileDo not conduct
electricityDo not conduct heatTypically not shiny (have
no…..) Luster
IF YOU COULD COUNT ALL OF THE ATOMS ON EARTH, WHICH ELEMENT DO YOU THINK YOU WOULD FIND 90% OF THE TIME?
HYDROGEN
HYDROGENMost is found in the compound water
The word hydrogen is derived from the Greek term for “water forming”When water is broken down into its elements, hydrogen becomes a gas made up of diatomic molecules
DIATOMIC
MOLECULEConsists of two atoms of the same element in a covalent bond. Many elements exist in this way because they are too reactive to exist alone in nature.
Other examples:Chlorine,Fluorine, Bromine, and Iodine
Group 17Very reactiveHave 7 valence electrons If a halogen gains an electron from a
metal….it forms a “salt”.Fluorine is the MOST chemically active
of all elements!Have many uses….pg. 580 & 581…you
list 3 in your notes…
Halogens
SublimationWhen a solid
changes straight from a solid to a gas without first being a
liquid!
THE N
OBLE
GASES
The noble gases exist as isolated atoms.
They are stable because…..why?
Their outermost energy level is full (with 8 electrons)
The stability of noble gases is what makes them useful…..Helium’s light weight is what
makes it useful in blimps and balloons
Neon and Argon are used in “neon lights” for advertising
Krypton is used in electric light bulbs to produce light in lasers for laser light shows
Let’s look at these spectacular lights!
MIXED GROUPSCh.19, Section 3
METALLOIDSCan form ionic or covalent bonds
Have metallic AND nonmetallic characteristics
Touch the stair step lineAre semiconductors
Conduct an electric current under certain conditions, not all of the time or never!
OTHER GROUPS:Boron, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen
ALLOTROPES(DON’T CONFUSE WITH ISOTOPES!)
Different forms of the same element and have different molecular structures.
Read Page 586 and be able to talk about the allotropes of carbon…
SYNTHETIC ELEMENTSCreated elements by a scientist usually in a labBesides technetium 43 and promethium 61, each synthetic element has more than 92 protons.We call these elements having more than 92 protons Transuranium elements
These do not belong to metals, nonmetals, or metalloids; they are their own section of the table
All transuranium elements are synthetic and unstable, and many disintegrate quickly