Chapter 18 Section 4 & 5

Painting of the Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse 1865

• Both Union and Confederate leaders increased their powers during the civil war.

• A faction of Northern Democrats, called (1) Peace Democrats, or copperheads, opposed the war and called for its immediate end.

1864 Copperhead Campaign Poster

Wartime GovernmentWartime Government

Cartoon Democratic Cartoon Democratic Copperheads in 1864Copperheads in 1864

• Lincoln silenced his opposition by denying them use of (2) mail and by sending the army to shut down newspapers. Lincoln also suspended the right of habeas corpus.

• Southerners supported States’ Rights and many refused to pay (3) taxes to a federal government.

Confederate “White House”

Wartime GovernmentWartime Government

• At the beginning of the war each side depended upon volunteers for soldiers, but by the end of the war both enforced (4) conscription, or a draft.

• In the North, a man could excuse himself by (5) paying $300 or by hiring a substitute.

• Opposition to the draft led to (6) riots.

Raising ArmiesRaising Armies

Buy Your Way Out of Buy Your Way Out of Military ServiceMilitary Service

Recruiting Irish Recruiting Irish ImmigrantsImmigrants

NYC Draft NYC Draft RiotsRiots, , (July 13-16, (July 13-16, 1863)1863)

NYC Draft NYC Draft RiotsRiots, , (July 13-16, 1863)(July 13-16, 1863)

• The North paid for the war by collecting (7) taxes and by issuing paper money.

• The South also tried to print paper money, but this drastically (8) increased the cost of goods.

Wartime EconomicsWartime Economics

Inflation in the South

Resources: North & the SouthResources: North & the South• The South lacked the

(9) industrial capacity to provide some necessities to

Confederate Soldiers.

• Soldiers from both North and South suffered diseases and death during the Civil War. More than half of those who died during the Civil War died of (10) disease and not from battle injuries.

Wartime ConditionsWartime Conditions

• Many women volunteered to care for the dying and wounded during the war. (11) Dorothea Dix (who founded the mental institutions) supervised all the female nurses for the Union army.

Women in the Civil WarWomen in the Civil War

Dorothea Dix

Dorothea Dix Hospital

• (11) Sojourner Truth (former slave and leader in the anti-slavery movement) worked as a nurse and cared for free slaves.

Women in the Civil WarWomen in the Civil War

• (11) Clara Barton served in numerous Union field hospitals and later founded the American Red Cross.

Women in the Civil WarWomen in the Civil War

• (11) Mary Ann Bickerdyke became a well known and resourceful battlefield nurse building 300 hospitals and aiding on 19 battlefields including the Battle of Shiloh and Sherman’s March.

Women in the Civil WarWomen in the Civil War

• Belle Boyd served as one of the most famous Confederate spies during the Civil War before becoming an actor. Boyd was instrumental in Stonewall Jackson’s success at Fort Royal and was awarded the Southern Cross of Honor.

Women in the Civil WarWomen in the Civil War

• Women also dressed as men and fought in the war. 19 year-old Albert Cashier dressed as a man and fought in about 40 battles over four years. In 1913, a surgeon discovered she was a women. She had lived her entire adult life as a man.

Women in the Civil WarWomen in the Civil War

Mary Livermore

• Women worked to manufacture arms, ammunition, uniforms, and other supplies for the soldiers. Prior to its destruction, women in the Fayetteville arsenal made some 900,000 rounds of small arms munitions in 1864.

Women in the Civil WarWomen in the Civil War

• On March 9, 1864, Lincoln placed Ulysses Grant in charge of the Union armies. Grant planned to wage a (1) total war in which citizens would be targeted as well as soldiers.

Wearing Down the SouthWearing Down the South

Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant

• Grant ordered (2) Philip Henry Sheridan to devastate the area of Shenandoah Valley so completely that “a crow flying over the area would need to carry its own rations.”

Shenandoah ValleyShenandoah Valley

Philip Sheridan

• In May 1864, General (3) William Tecumseh Sherman begins his famous march across Georgia to Savannah. He destroys everything a sixty-mile wide path making him the most hated man in the South.

• After burning Savannah, Sherman heads north to destroy (4) Charleston.

March to the SeaMarch to the Sea

Burning of Atlanta, Georgia

Sherman’s March to the Sea”Sherman’s March to the Sea”throughthroughGeorgia,Georgia,18641864

Atlanta Georgia, the shell of buildings that were burned down by General Sherman.

The South did not recover from Sherman’s March to the Sea until the 1950s.

“Do you want General Sherman to find you awake?” was a common way to get children in Georgia to go to bed when they didn’t want to.

1864 Election1864 Election

Pres. Lincoln (R or Pres. Lincoln (R or (5) (5) UnionUnion party) party)

(6) (6) GeorgeGeorge McClellanMcClellan

(Democratic Party)(Democratic Party)

Presidential Election Presidential Election Results: 1864Results: 1864

(7) Abraham Lincoln won the election even though many believed he

could not win after so many years of war.

• Grant took his army of 155,000 men (2X that of Lee’s) and headed directly towards Richmond in hopes of engaging Lee.

• Lee attacks Grant three times defeating him at the battles of the (8) Wilderness, Spotsylvania Court House, and Cold Harbor.

Grant Vs. LeeGrant Vs. Lee

• Lee expected Grant to retreat like others had after being defeated, but Grant refused to admit defeat.

• Grant reached Petersburg, VA where Lee dug in his army to protect the (9) railroads supplied Richmond. Grant decides to lay (10) siege for nine months to Lee’s army and both sides suffered severe loses.

Grant Vs. LeeGrant Vs. Lee

Trench used by Rebels

• General Burnsides plan: Over 15,000 troops filled and surrounded the crater that formed when the Union Army exploded the 8,000 pounds of gunpowder at the end of the tunnel. The crater that was left was 170 feet long, 60 to 80 feet wide, and 30 feet deep.

Petersburg, VA – The CraterPetersburg, VA – The Crater

• Several hundred Confederate soldiers are killed in the blast but the Union army takes ten minutes to attack and climb into the crater with no way of getting out. The rebels quickly counterattack and drive the Yankees back. Grant writes “It was the saddest affair I have witnessed in the war” and relieves Burnside of command.

Petersburg, VA – The CraterPetersburg, VA – The Crater

The Crater

The Crater scene from the film Cold Mountain 2003.

· On April 2, 1865, Union Gen. Ulysses S. Grant captured Richmond, VA, the Confederate capital.

• After the fall of Richmond Lee retreats westward to (11) Appomattox Court House where he surrenders to Grant. Lee allowed the Rebels to keep their (12) horses, weapons, and a day’s rations. The Civil War had come to a close (13) April 9, 1865.

Surrender at AppomattoxSurrender at Appomattox

Grant shaking hands with Lee

• On April 14, 1865, (14) five days after Lee’s surrender, Abraham Lincoln is assassinated at Ford Theatre by John Wilkes Booth.

Lincoln AssassinatedLincoln Assassinated

John Wilkes John Wilkes BoothBooth

Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865)Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865)

Lincoln’s DeathLincoln’s Death