Chapter 15 Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry 10e John Wiley & Sons, Inc Morris...

Chapter 15

Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry 10e

John Wiley & Sons, Inc

Morris Hein, Scott Pattison, and Susan Arena

Acids, Bases, and Salts

Lemons and limes are examples of food which contains acidic solutions.

15.1 Acids and Bases

15.2 Reactions of Acids

15.3 Reactions of Bases

15.4 Salts

15.5 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes

15.6 Dissociation and Ionization of Electrolytes

15.7 Strong and Weak Electrolytes

15.8 Ionization of Water

15.9 Introduction to pH

15.10 Neutralization

15.11 Writing Net Ionic Equations

15.12 Acid Rain

15.13 Colloids

15.14 Properties of Colloids

15.15 Applications of Colloidal Properties

Chapter Outline

Arrhenius Acids

• Metals to produce H2 gas

• Bases to produce salt and water

• Carbonates to produce carbon dioxide

Definition: An acid solution contains an excess of H+ ions.

Properties

1. Sour taste

2. Turn blue litmus red

3. The ability to react with

Arrhenius Bases

Definition: A base solution contains an excess of OH- ions.

Properties

1. Bitter or caustic taste

2. Turn red litmus blue

3. Slippery, soapy feeling

4. Neutralize acids

Your Turn!

Which type of solution would have a sour taste and turn blue litmus red?

a. Acid

b. Base

c. Salt

Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

An acid is a proton (H+) donor.

A base is a proton (H+) acceptor.

HCl(g) + H2O(l) H3O+

(aq) + Cl-(aq)

+ ••H Cl ••

•••• +

BaseAcid Conjugate Base

Conjugate Acid

hydronium ion

Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

Ammonia is a weak base that forms the ammonium ion and the hydroxide ion in water.

Conjugate acid-base pairs: NH4+ – NH3 and H2O – OH-

NH3(aq) + H2O(l)

+ H+ - H+

OH-(aq) +

OH-(aq)

Your Turn!

What is the conjugate acid of hydrogen phosphate?

a. H2PO4-

b. H3PO4

c. H3PO4+

d. HPO42-

Your Turn!

Which are the two Bronsted-Lowry acids in the following equation?

H2S + H2O HS - + H3O +

a. HS - and H2O

b. H2S and HS -

c. H2S and H3O +

d. H3O + and H2O

Lewis Acid-Base Definition

A base is an electron pair donor.

An acid is an electron pair acceptor.

Three Acid-Base Theories

Use the theory that best explains the reaction under consideration:

Reactions of Acids

Acids react with metals that lie above H in the activity series:

acid + metal salt + hydrogen

2HCl(aq) + Mg(s) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Acids react with bases (neutralization)

acid + base salt + water

2HCl(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O (l)

Reactions of Acids

Acids react with metal oxides

acid + base salt + water

2HCl(aq) + Na2O(s) 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Acids react with metal carbonate

acid + base salt + water + carbon dioxide

2HCl(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

Reactions of Bases

Bases can be amphoteric

as base: Zn(OH)2(aq)+ 2HBr(aq) ZnBr2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

as acid: Zn(OH)2(aq)+ 2NaOH(aq) Na2Zn(OH)4(aq)

NaOH and KOH react with metals

base + metal + water salt + hydrogen

2NaOH(aq) + 2Al(s) + 6H2O(l) 2NaAl(OH)4(aq) + 3H2O(g)

Your Turn!

What gas is produced by the reaction of sodium bicarbonate with acetic acid?

a. Hydrogen

b. Carbon dioxide

c. Nitrogen

d. Oxygen

Salts are the result of acid-base neutralization reactions.

HCl(aq)+ NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq)+ H2O(l)

Salts are ionic compounds composed of a cation (usually a metal or the ammonium ion) and an anion (not oxide or hydroxide).

Salts are usually crystals with high melting and boiling points.

Your Turn!

What salt forms from the reaction of magnesium hydroxide and sulfuric acid?

a. MgS

b. Mg2S

c. MgSO4

d. Mg2SO4

Your Turn!

What salt forms from the reaction of aluminum oxide and hydrobromic acid?

a. AlBr

b. AlBr3

c. Al2Br

d. Al2Br3

Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes

Electrolytes are compounds whose aqueous solutions conduct electricity.

Nonelectrolytes are substances whose aqueous solutions are nonconductors.

Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes

It is the movement of ions that conduct electricity in water .

Acids, bases and salts are electrolytes because they produce ions in water when they dissolve.

Dissociation of Electrolytes

Salts dissociate into cations and anions when they dissolve in water.

NaCl(s) Na+(aq) + Cl-

Ionization of Electrolytes

Ionization is the formation of ions; it is the result of the chemical reaction with water.

Acids ionize in water, producing hydronium ions and anions.

HCl(g) + H2O(l) H3O+

(aq) + Cl-(aq)

H3PO4(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+

(aq) + H2PO4-(aq)

Weak bases ionize in water, producing hydroxide ions and cations.

NH3(aq) + H2O(l) OH- (aq) + NH4+

Your Turn!

Which will dissociate when placed in water?

a. CH3OH

b. HCl

c. KBr

d. HClO4

Your Turn!

A solution is tested with the conductivity apparatus and the light bulb did not light. Which of the following is not likely?

a. The beaker contained only water.

b. The beaker contained water and C6H12O6.

c. The beaker contained water and CaCl2.

d. All of the above are likely possibilities.

Strong and Weak Electrolytes

Strong electrolytes are essentially 100% ionized in water (HCl).

Weak electrolytes are much less ionized (HC2H3O2).

Strong and Weak Electrolytes

Use double arrows to indicate weak ionization.

HC2H3O2(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+

(aq) + C2H3O2-(aq)

HF(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+

(aq) + F-(aq)

→→

Salts dissociate into at least 2 ions.

A 1M solution of NaCl produces a 2M solution of ions.

NaCl(s) Na+(aq) + Cl-

1 mole 1 mole + 1 mole

A 1M solution of CaCl2 produces a 3M solution of ions.

CaCl2(s) Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl-

1 mole 1 mole + 2 mole

Your Turn!

What is the concentration of chloride ion in a 2.0 M solution of calcium chloride?

a. 1.0 M

b. 2.0 M

c. 3.0 M

d. 4.0 M

Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions

Colligative properties depend on the moles of dissolved particles so you have to take that into account when you compute freezing point depressions and boiling point elevations.

What is the boiling point elevation of a 1.5 m aqueous solution of calcium chloride? (The boiling point elevation constant for water is 0.512 °C/m.)

3 mol ions 0.512°CΔt = 1.5m× × = 2.3°C

1 mol CaCl m

Your Turn!

What is the boiling point of a 2.0 m aqueous solution of sodium chloride? (The boiling point elevation constant for water is 0.512 °C/m.)

a. 101.02 °C

b. 1.02 °C

c. 2.05 °C

d. 102.05 °C

Ionization of Water

Pure water auto-ionizes

H2O(l) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + OH-

Concentration H3O+ = Concentration OH- = 1×10-7 M [H3O+]×[OH-] = 10-14

In acid solutions, [H3O+]>[OH-]

In basic solution, [H3O+]<[OH-]

Introduction to pH

pH = -log[H+]

In pure water, [H+] = 1×10-7 M so

pH = -log(10-7) = 7

high H+

low OH-

low H+

high OH-

Your Turn!

How many times more acidic is a solution with a pH of 3 than a solution with a pH of 5?

c. 200

d. 100

Introduction to pH

pH = -log[H+]

Introduction to pH

Calculate the pH of a 0.015M H+ solution.

pH = - log (0.015) = 1.82

Note: The digits to the left of the decimal place in the pH (the characteristic of the log) reflect the power of ten in the [H+]. In this case, the 1. The characteristic is NOT one of the significant figures in the pH.

The number of decimal places for the mantissa of a log must equal the number of significant figures in the original number.

Your Turn!

What is the pH of a 0.020 M hydrochloric acid solution?

a. 0.020

b. -2.0

c. 1.70

d. 1.7

e. -1.7

Your Turn!

What is the pH of a solution of sodium hydroxide that has a hydronium ion concentration of 2.5×10-11?

b. 10.6

c. -10.60

d. 10.60

Neutralization

Neutralization: acid + base salt + water

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)

Total Ionic Equation:

[H+(aq)+Cl-

(aq) ]+[Na+(aq)

+OH-(aq)] H2O(l) + Na+

(aq)+Cl-(aq)

Remove spectator ions (Na+ and Cl-)

Net Ionic Equation: H+(aq) + OH-

(aq) H2O(l)

The driving force for the reaction is the reaction between the hydronium ion and the hydroxide ion to form water.

Titration

A titration measures the volume of one reagent required to react with a measured mass or volume of another reagent.

A titration is used to determine the amount of acid or base present in a sample.

An indicator is used to signal the endpoint, when stoichiometric amounts of acid and base are present.

A buret is used to deliver the titrant into an Erlenmeyer flask.

Titration

If 22.59 mL of 0.1096 M HCl is used to titrate 25.00 mL of NaOH to a phenolphthalein endpoint, what is the molarity of the NaOH? HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)

Knowns

Calculate

Solving for22.59 mL 0.01096M HCl25.00 mL NaOH base molarity

0.1096 mol HCl22.59 mL ×

1000 mL soln

1 mol NaOH ×

1 mol HCl = 0.002476 mol NaOH

0.002476 mol NaOH

0.02500 L soln 0.09903 M NaOH

Titration

What is the molarity of a sodium hydroxide solution if 21.93 mL of NaOH is required to titrate 0.243 g oxalic acid, H2C2O4?

H2C2O4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2C2O4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

0.243 g2 2 41 mol H C O

×90.04 g 2 2 4

2 mol NaOH ×

1 mol H C O 0.005398 mol NaOH

0.005398 mol NaOH

0.02193 L soln= 0.246 M NaOH

Knowns

Calculate

Solving for 0.243 g H2C2O4

21.93 mL NaOH base molarity

Your Turn!

What is the concentration of a HNO3 solution if 10.0 mL of the solution is neutralized by 3.6 mL of a 0.20M NaOH solution?

a. 0.072 M

b. 53.6 M

c. 0.56 M

d. 5.6 M

Writing Net Ionic Equations

1. Strong electrolytes in solution are written in their ionic form. NaOH(aq)

is written Na+(aq)

+OH-(aq)

2. Weak electrolytes and nonelectrolytes are written in their molecular form. H2O(l)

, HC2H3O2(aq)

3. Solids and gases are written in their molecular form.

4. The net ionic equation does not include spectator ions.

5. Equations must be balanced, both in atoms and in electrical charge.

Net Ionic Equation

Formula Equation

BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

Total Ionic Equation

(Ba2+(aq)+ 2Cl-

(aq)) + (2Na+(aq)+ SO4

2-(aq) )

BaSO4(s) + 2Na+(aq)+2Cl -

Net Ionic Equation

Ba2+ (aq)+ SO4

2- (aq)

BaSO4(s)

Net Ionic Equation

Formula Equation

Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Total Ionic Equation

(2Na+(aq)+ CO3

2-(aq)) + (2H+

(aq)+2Cl-(aq) )

2Na+(aq)+2Cl-

(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Net Ionic Equation

(aq) + 2H+(aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Your Turn!

What is the net ionic equation when hydrobromic acid reacts with potassium hydroxide?

a. H + + OH - HOH

b. H + + Br- HBr

c. K + + OH - KOH

d. K + + H- KH

Acid Rain

Acid rain is defined as atmospheric precipitation that is more acidic than usual.

The general process for the formation of acid rain:

1. emission of nitrogen and sulfur oxides into the air

2. transportation of these oxides throughout the atmosphere

3. chemical reactions between the oxides and water, forming sulfuric acid and nitric acid

4. rain or snow carries the acids to the ground

Colloids

Solution – Clear homogeneous mixture

Suspension – Cloudy heterogeneous mixture with solute particles that can be separated by filtration

Colloid – A mixture in which the dispersed particles are larger than the solute ions or molecules of a true solution and smaller than the particles of a suspension.

Colloids can’t be separated by filtration, and often appear to be cloudy.

Colloids

Properties of Colloids

Brownian Motion – erratic motion of colloidal particles caused by the bombardment of solvent molecules.

Tyndall Effect – scattering of light by colloidal particles.

Application of Colloidal Properties

Activated charcoal has a very large surface area. It can be used in gas masks to adsorb poisonous gases which stick to the surface of the charcoal.

Colloidal particles become charged when they adsorb ions on their surface. The Cotrell process uses high voltage charged plates to clean colloidal dust and smoke particles from air.

Dialysis is the process by which dissolved solutes can be removed from colloidal dispersions through a semi permeable membrane (a dialyzing membrane).

Chapter 15 Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry 10e John Wiley & Sons, Inc Morris...

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