Post on 02-Apr-2015
Chapter 14Europe and the New
World:
New Encounters, 1500 - 1800
p. 413
On the Brink of a New World
Motives and Means Catholic Europe had been largely confined to the continent (exception
of the Crusades, which failed) The Travels of John Mandeville (14th century)-Fantastic lands of
legend and myth Access to the East The Polos-Popularized China in Europe through descriptions of
Kublai Khan and Mongol courts Economic Motives-Primary motive for European exploration Religious Zeal-Particularly strong motivation for Portugal and Spain Centralized Monarchies Ptolemy’s Geography (1477)
Development of seaworthy ships and new navigational techniques Old techniques, such as using the Pole Star to determine position
was useless below the equator
p. 416
Portuguese Exploration
Portuguese fleets had begun sailing south along the western coast of Africa in early 15th century In search of commerce and trade
Precious metals and goods such as gold and ivory from parts of Morocco and the “Gold Coast”
1440s-Portuguese begin profiting from the selling of African slaves through their maritime exploration
New Horizons: The Portuguese and Spanish Empires Prince Henry the Navigator (1394 – 1460)
Established first school for mariners in Portugal The Development of a Portuguese Maritime
Empire Bartholomeu Dias Vasco da Gama
Reaches India by rounding Cape of Good Hope Direct voyage from Europe to India
Viceroys Alfonso d’Albuquerque (1462 – 1515) Commercial – Military bases
Reasons for Portuguese Success Able to defeat Muslim opposition and control trade with
India (Accomplished this with arms and technique)
Destruction of Muslims at Malacca Encompassing and controlling Malacca
and the Malay peninsula meant: Destroying Arab spice trade Providing a way station on route to the
Spice Islands and China
Map 14-1, p. 417
p. 418
p. 418
Voyages of the New World
Christopher Columbus (1451 – 1506) Reached the Bahamas (Oct. 12, 1492) Additional voyages (1493, 1498, and 1502)
Additional Discoveries John Cabot-Venetian that sailed for England Pedro Cabral-Discovered South America in 1500 Amerigo Vespucci- America=New Lands Nun˜ez de Balboa Ferdinand Magellan Ferdinand Magellan (1480 – 1521)
First known circumnavigation of the earth Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)-divided the New
World between Spain and Portugal
p. 420
The Spanish Empire in the New World Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica
The Maya (civilization of sophistication) The Aztec were the prominent rulers of much of
Mexico at the time of Euro exploration The Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire
Hernan Cortés (1485 – 1547) Best exemplifies Spanish exploration and expansion of
the New World Moctezuma (Montezuma) Aztec Empire overthrownby Cortez
Capital city (Tenochtitlan) located in Central Mexixo
p. 421
p. 422
The Spanish Empire (Cont)
The Inca (Ruler) and the Spanish Pachakuti-Inca leader (Led campaign bringing entire region
under control) Inca buildings and roads Francisco Pizarro (c. 1475 – 1541)
Conquered and plundered Inca empire in 1531 Smallpox- European disease contributing to high mortality
rates among natives of the New World Incas overthrown (1535)- Pizzaro establishes new Spanish
Empire at the capital city of Lima No immunity for epidemic Death of the emperor Civil war between two sons of the Inca Emperor Incan soldiers outmatched
Armed with stones, arrows, and light spears
The Spanish Empire (Cont)
Administration of the Spanish Empire Queen Isabella proclaimed the natives to be subjects of
Castile Encomienda- Social and Economic System under Castile
Conquistadors collected tribute from the natives and used their labor Spaniards abused Indians, ignoring their government
Put to work on plantations and in gold and silver mines
Bartolome de Las Casas was a major public critic of Spanish treatment of the Indians
Viceroys Ruled over New Spain and Peru
The Church Catholic Monarchs of Spain given extensive rights of Holy affairs in the
New World
p. 422
Chronology, p. 424
p. 424
New Rivals
Dutch, French, and English Dutch East India Company 1602
Established a settlement at the Cape of Good Hope
Trade in slaves increases with European exploration and settlement
Most Africans taken from coastal areas and shipped to plantations in the NW (Middle East and Europe previously)
Discovery of the Americas changed the slave trade drastically
Africa: The Slave Trade
Sugar Cane and slavery European diseases set an early expiration date for many Indians Plantations needed more labor than natives could supply
Growth in the Slave Trade Up to 10,000,000 African slaves taken to the Americas
between the Sixteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
New Atlantic Economy represented by Triangular Trade
European Merchants from England, France, Spain, Portugal, and the Dutch Republic
Facilitated trade between European, African, and American continents
The Slave Trade (cont)
Each cargo contained around 300-450 Rate of death could exceed 10% on longer
journeys due to adverse conditions Suffering endured for Africans who survived the
middle passage as they had little or no immunity to NW sicknesses
Effects of the Slave Trade
The Slave Trade increased war and violence in Africa among natives Prisoners of War
Crippled African economies Depopulation of African communities Demoralization
Conflicting Views of Slavery
Western society tended to accept slavery
Blacks viewed as inferior beings meant for dull labor
Beginning in the 1770s the Society of Friends (Quakers) publicly abhorred slavery
Map 14-2, p. 427
The West in Southeast Asia
Portugal Too weak at home to dominate empire abroad
Spain Established Pacific base in the Philippines
The Dutch and the English Dutch seize the spice trade, in SE Asia, from
Portugal in the early 17th century Dutch bring most of Indonesia under its control by
the end of the 18th century
The West in Southeast Asia (cont) Mainland SE Asia was not impacted as
much by European arrival More success in resisting European intrusion
because they had strong monarchies and were more politically cohesive
Cooperation helped states drive Europeans out
Local Kingdoms (Burma/Myanmar), Siam (Thailand), Angkor (Cambodia), and Vietnam)
p. 429
p. 430
p. 430
The French and the British in India The Mughal Empire
Mongol in origin Babur-Founder of dynasty Akbar (1556-1605) Grandson of Babur
Brought more systematic and centralized rule to India
Under Akbar and the Mughal Empire, India enjoyed economic progress and relative peace
The French and the British in India The Impact of the Western Powers
Portugal-Original European power in India England-Steady increase in British presence French-Major western rival to the British in India Sir Robert Clive
Thwarted the French threat in India The East India Company
Company in which stakes can be bought and owned by shareholders
Local British population in India’s Fort William imprisoned in the black hole of Calcutta
p. 432
China
China In 16th century Portugal became the first European state to
make direct contact with China since the travels of M. Polo Ming Dynasty (1369 – 1644) Qing Dynasty
Originated from Manchuria and replaced the Ming in the 17th century Overthrow of the Ming created opportunity for Manchus who conquered
Beijing and Li Zicheng Limited Contact with Europeans Lord Macartney compared the Chinese empire to “an
old, crazy, first-rate man of war destined to be dashed to pieces on the shore”
Due to incompetent leadership
Japan
Japan Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543 – 1616)
Shogun, meaning general, achieved the unification of Japan
Most powerful and longest lasting of all Shogunates Opening to the West
The Portuguese Initially visitors welcomed Catholic Missionaries Interfered in local politics Tokugawa Ieyasu expelled all missionaries in Japan and
persecuted Christians
p. 433
The Americas
The Spanish and Portuguese were challenged by European rivals British and French found success in the W. Indies
North America The Dutch settle the Hudson River Valley The English
Jamestown (1607)-First permanent English settlement in N. America
The French Canada- Jacques Cartier discovers St. Lawrence River
in 1534 and claims Canada as a French possession
p. 435
Chronology, p. 436
The Impact of European Expansion: The Conquered Devastating effects to local populations in America
and Africa Less impact in Asia
China and Japan were two nations barely impacted by European power and influence
Multiracial society first appeared in Latin America Catholic Missionaries
Conversion of native populations Hospitals, orphanages and schools The Jesuits
Allowed new converts to practice ancestor worship Catholicism failed to disperse in China because of the opposition by the
Pope to ancestor worship
The Impact of European Expansion: The Conquerors Europeans lusted for gold and silver
Opening of Potosi mines in Peru (1545) the value of precious metals imported into Europe quadrupled
Exchange of plants and animals Columbian Exchange
European brought cattle, horses, and wheat to NW Took potatoes, chocolate, corn, tobacco back to Europe
European rivalries New views of the world
Gerardus Mercator’s (1512 – 1594) work is the most famous map projection in history
A Mercator projection shows the true shape of landmasses in a limited area
Map 14-3, p. 440
p. 441
Toward a World Economy
Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century Inflation
Major economic problem in Europe; created price instability
Wages failed to keep up with price increases Decline in the standard of living for working class
The Growth of Commercial Capitalism Joint stock trading companies
Commercial organization benefitted commercial expansion
Individuals bought shares in companies and received dividends on their investments
Raise of spectacular sums of capital for world trading
Toward a World Economy
The financial center of Europe in the 17th century was Amsterdam
New industries tied to banking firms Jacob Fugger was given a monopoly over
silver, copper, and mercury mines in the Habsburg possessions of central Europe
These possessions produced profits of 50%, annually
Mercantilism
Total volume of trade unchangeable Economic activity = war through
peaceful means Importance of bullion (gold and silver)
and favorable balance of trade Exported goods more valuable than
imported goods State intervention
Governments should stimulate and protect export industries and trade
p. 443
Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement Toward Globalization
Transoceanic trade very valuable Goods consumed by affluent, merchants,
and artisans Intra European trade
By the end of the 17th century local, regional, and intra-European trade was greater than international trade
Trade patterns interlocked Europe, Africa, the East and the Americas
Timeline, p. 445