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Chapter 11 Inner and East Asia, 400-1200
NOTE:Slides included with a different background are added from
another AP textbook, more details that are important are included
on these slides. These details were NOT included on your reading
quiz but WILL be on your test! Chapter Chronology Inner and East
Asia 200-1200
Empty cell Inner Asia China Northeast and Southeast Asia Japan 200
emptycell China is united Sui unification Three Korean kingdoms:
Kogury, Paekche, Silla empty cell 600 751 Battle of Talas River 618
Tang Empire founded Li Shimin reign Wu Zhao reign An Lushan
rebellion 668 Silla victory in Korea Taika era Nara as capital 752
"Eye-opening" ceremony 794 Heian era 800 840 Suppression of
Buddhism Huang Chao rebellion 907 End of Tang Empire 960 Song
Empire founded 916 Liao Empire founded 918 Koryo founded: Korean
Peninsula unified 936 Annam becomes Dai Viet (northern Vietnam)
Fujiwara influence 1000 Tanggut state on China's northwest frontier
Southern Song period 1115 Jin Empire founded circa The Tale of
Genji 1200 Empty cell Empty cell 1185 Kamakura Shogunate founded A
table detailing the major events from 200 to 1200 in Inner Asia,
China, Japan, and Northeast and Southeast Asia. Going Up the River
Going Up the River.Song cities hummed with commercial and
industrial activity, much of it concentrated on the rivers and
canals linking the capital Kaifeng to the provinces. This detail
from Going Upriver at the Qingming [Spring] Festival shows a tiny
portion of the scroll paintings panorama. Painted by Zhang Zeduan
sometime before 1125, its depiction of daily life makes it an
important source of information on working people. Before open shop
fronts and tea houses a camel caravan departs, donkey carts are
unloaded, a scholar rides loftily (if gingerly) on horseback, and
women of wealth go by enclosed sedan-chairs. Song cities hummed
with commercial and industrial activity, much of it concentrated on
the rivers and canals linking the capital Kaifeng to the provinces.
This detail from Going Upriver at the Qingming [Spring] Festival
shows a tiny portion of the scroll paintings panorama. Painted by
Zhang Zeduan sometime before 1125, its depiction of daily life
makes it an important source of information on working people.
Before open shop fronts and tea houses a camel caravan departs,
donkey carts are unloaded, a scholar rides loftily (if gingerly) on
horseback, and women of wealth go by enclosed sedan-chairs. The Sui
and Tang Empires, 581755
After the fall of the Han in 220 C.E. China was fragmented for
several centuries The Sui Empire reunified China and established a
government based on Confucianism but heavily influenced by
Buddhism. To help communication and trade the Sui built the Grand
Canal linking the Yellow River and the Yangzi The Sui also improved
the Great Wall The Sui wanted to extended into Korea, Vietnam, and
Inner Asia but the resources needed were immense
This is also true of the public works projects The Suis rapid
decline and fall may have been due to its having spent large
amounts of resources on these construction, canal, irrigation, and
military projects. The second Sui emperor was assassinated and the
Tang filled the political vacuum
The Tang Empire was established in 618. Li Shimin (technically
second emperor but oversaw the expansion of the empire) The Tang
state carried out a program of territorial expansion, avoided
overcentralization, and combined Turkic influence with Chinese
Confucian traditions. Army used crossbow and armored infantrymen as
well as horsemanship and iron stirrups
The Tang had their peak between and were defeated by Arab Muslims
at the Battle of Talas River Changan: Metropolis at the Center of
East Asia
Changan was the destination of ambassadors from other states who
were sent to China under the tributary system. The city of Changan
itself had over a million residents, most of them living outside
the city walls. served as a vital intellectual and commercial
center, attracting students of politics and philosophy from around
Asia, as well as merchants and traders, creating a diverse
population that included Arabs, Persians and Indians, among others.
Buddhism and the Tang Empire
The Tang emperors legitimized their control by using the Buddhist
idea that kings are spiritual agents who bring their subjects into
a Buddhist realm. Buddhist monasteries were important allies of the
early Tang emperors; in return for their assistance, they received
tax exemptions, land, and gifts. Mahayana Buddhism was the most
important school of Buddhism in Central Asia and East Asia.
Mahayana beliefs were flexible, encouraged the adaptation of local
deities into a Mahayana pantheon, and encouraged the translation of
Buddhist texts into local languages. The expansion westward of the
Tang Empire territorially, as well as its commercial and
intellectual reach, not only brought Buddhism more deeply into
Asia, but also made the Tang state a truly cosmopolitan one. The
Sui and Tang Empires, 581755
Upheavals and Repression, In the late ninth century, the Tang
Empire broke the power of the Buddhist monasteries and Confucian
ideology was reasserted. The reason for the crackdown was that
Buddhism was seen as undermining the family system and eroding the
tax base by accumulating tax-free land and attracting hundreds of
thousands of people to become monks and nuns. Buddhism also had
been used to legitimize womens participation in politics.
The most significant example of this is the career of Wu Zhao, who
took control of the government and made herself emperor with the
ideological and material support of Buddhism. When Buddhism was
repressed, Confucian scholars concocted accounts that painted
highly critical portraits of Wu Zhao and other influential women in
Chinese history. The crackdown on Buddhism also brought the
destruction of many Buddhist cultural artifacts. The End of the
Tang Empire, 879-907
As its territory expanded and it faced internal rebellions, even
from within its own army, the Tang dynasty relied on powerful
provincial military governors to maintain peace. In 907, the Tang
state ended, and regional military governors established their own
kingdoms. None of these smaller kingdoms were able to integrate
territory on the scale of the Tang. Map 12.1 The Tang Empire in
Inner and Eastern Asia
Map 12.1 The Tang Empire in Inner and Eastern Asia, 750. For over a
century the Tang Empire controlled China and a very large part of
Inner Asia. The defeat of Tang armies in 751 by a force of Arabs,
Turks, and Tibetans at the Talas River in present day Kyrgyzstan
ended Tang westward expansion. To the south the Tang dominated
Annam, and Japan and the Silla kingdom in Korea were leading
tributary states of the Tang. Cengage Learning For over a century
the Tang Empire controlled China and a very large part of Inner
Asia. The defeat of Tang armies in 751 by a force of Arabs, Turks,
and Tibetans at the Talas River in present day Kyrgyzstan ended
Tang westward expansion. To the south the Tang dominated Annam, and
Japan and the Silla kingdom in Korea were leading tributary states
of the Tang. China and Its Rivals Song Empire The Liao and Jin
Challenge
After the fall of the Tang, a number of new states emerged in the
former Tang territory: the Liao, the Jin, and the Chinese Song. As
the Liao and Jin cut the Chinese off from Central Asia, the Song
developed seafaring and strengthened contacts with Korea, Japan,
and Southeast Asia. The Liao state included nomads and settled
agriculturalists
The Liao state included nomads and settled agriculturalists. The
Liao kings presented themselves to their various subjects as
Confucian rulers, Buddhist monarchs, and nomadic leaders. The Liao
rulers were of the Khitan ethnic group. The Liao Empire lasted from
9161121. The Liao had a strong military and forced the Song to give
them annual payments of cash and silk in return for peace. Map 12.2
Liao and Song Empire, circa 1100
The states of Liao in the north and Song in the south generally
ceased open hostilities after a treaty in 1005 stabilized the
border and imposed an annual payment on Song China. Map 12.2 Liao
and Song Empires, circa The states of Liao in the north and Song in
the south generally ceased open hostilities after a treaty in 1005
stabilized the border and imposed an annual payment on Song China.
Cengage Learning To rid themselves of the Liao, the Song helped the
Jurchens of northeast Asia to defeat the Liao.
The Jurchens established their own Jin Empire, turned on the Song,
and drove them out of north and central China in 1127. The Song
continued to reign in south China as the Southern Song Empire
(11271279). Map 12.3 Jin and Southern Song Empires, circa
1200
After 1127 Song abandoned its northern territories to Jin. The
Southern Song continued the policy of annual paymentsto Jin rather
than Liaoand maintained high military preparedness to prevent
further invasions. Map 12.3 Jin and Southern Song Empires, circa
After 1127 Song abandoned its northern territories to Jin. The
Southern Song continued the policy of annual paymentsto Jin rather
than Liaoand maintained high military preparedness to prevent
further invasions. Cengage Learning Song Industries During the Song
period, the Chinese made a number of technological innovations,
many of them based on information that had been brought to China
from West Asia during the cosmopolitan Tang era. Many of these
innovations had to do with mathematics, astronomy, and calendar
making. Song inventors improved an earlier Chinese innovation, the
magnetic compass, making it suitable for seafaring by the end of
the eleventh century. In shipbuilding, the Song introduced the
sternpost rudder and watertight bulkheads. Shipbuilders in the
Persian Gulf later adopted these innovations. Junks: The Song also
had a standing, professionally trained, regularly paid
military.
Iron and coal were important strategic resources for the Song
military. The Song produced large amounts of high-grade iron and
steel for weapons, armor, and defensive works. The Song also
developed and used gunpowder weapons in their wars. Economy and
Society in Song China
Song society was dominated by civilian officials and put higher
value on civil pursuits than on military affairs. Song thinkers
developed a sophisticated Neo-Confucian philosophy, while certain
Buddhist sects, particularly Chan (Zen) continued to be popular.
Perhaps most notably, neo-Confucian thinkers conceived of the idea
of universal sagehood, meaning that ordinary people, not just
members of the elite, might attain wisdom and habits of mind to
allow them to participate in governance and administration. The
civil service examination system, introduced in the Tang, reached
its mature form in the Song.
The examination broke the domination of the hereditary aristocracy
by allowing men to be chosen for government service on the basis of
merit. However, men from poor families were unlikely to be able to
devote the necessary time and resources to studying for the
rigorous examinations. With the invention of moveable type, the
Song government was able to mass-produce authorized preparation
texts for examination-takers. Printing also contributed to the
dissemination of new agricultural technology and thus helped to
increase agricultural production and spur population growth in
South China. During the Song period, Chinas population rose to 100
million. Population growth and economic growth fed the rise of
large, crowded, but very well-managed cities like Hangzhou. The
Song period saw the wide use of an interregional credit system
called flying money and the introduction of government-issued paper
money. The paper money caused inflation and was later withdrawn.
6.The Song government was not able to control the market economy as
closely as previous governments had done. Certain government
functions, including tax collection, were privatized, and a new
merchant elite thrived in the cities, their wealth derived from
trade rather than land. Song River Transport This
seventeenth-century painting shows the emperor Huizong (r.
11001126), in red, supervising the ceremonial transfer of pierced
stones and a tree. The purpose of their transfer is unknown. Note
the differences between the workshop at lower left and the
residence at lower right where women, children, and even a pet dog
are enjoying life outside the enclosed courtyard. Song River
Transport.This seventeenth-century painting shows the emperor
Huizong (r. 11001126), in red, supervising the ceremonial transfer
of pierced stones and a tree. The purpose of their transfer is
unknown. Note the differences between the workshop at lower left
and the residence at lower right where women, children, and even a
pet dog are enjoying life outside the enclosed courtyard. The Song
period saw the wide use of an interregional credit system called
flying money and the introduction of government-issued paper money.
The paper money caused inflation and was later withdrawn. The Song
government was not able to control the market economy as closely as
previous governments had done. Certain government functions,
including tax collection, were privatized, and a new merchant elite
thrived in the cities, their wealth derived from trade rather than
land. Womens status declined during the Song period as Confucian
ideas about the proper division of the sexes regained popularity.
Women were entirely subordinated to men and lost their rights to
own and manage property; remarriage was forbidden. Painfully bound
feet became a mandatory status symbol for elite women.
Working-class women and women from non-Han peoples of southern
China did not bind their feet and had more independence than elite
Han Chinese women did. Footbinding Female Musicians Female
Musicians. A group of entertainers from a Song period copy of a
lost Tang painting titled Night Revels of Han Xizai. The emperor
ordered the painter to document the lifestyle of a man who
preferred music, dance, and poetry to accepting appointment as
Prime Minister. The mood of genteel indulgence appealed to Song era
elites. Chinese women were not veiled, but foot-binding became
common under the Song. A group of entertainers from a Song period
copy of a lost Tang painting titled Night Revels of Han Xizai. The
emperor ordered the painter to document the lifestyle of a man who
preferred music, dance, and poetry to accepting appointment as
Prime Minister. The mood of genteel indulgence appealed to Song era
elites. Chinese women were not veiled, but foot-binding became
common under the Song. Hangzhoumost noble city best in the world
Marco Polo
a. Great marketplaces b. entertainment 1. boating 2. singing girls
3. bath houses 4. restaurants 5. acrobats 6. tea houses, 7. opera
performances New Kingdoms in East Asia
Chinese Influences: Sinification: means the assimilation or spread
of Chinese culture Korea, Japan, and Vietnam were all
rice-cultivating economies whose labor needs fit well with
Confucian concepts of hierarchy, obedience, and discipline. While
they all adopted aspects of Chinese culture, the political
ideologies of the three countries remained different. None of them
used the Chinese civil service examination system, although they
did value literacy in Chinese and read the Chinese classics. Korea
The Korean hereditary elite absorbed Confucianism and Buddhism from
China and passed them along to Japan. The several small Korean
kingdoms were united first by Silla in 668, and then by Koryo in
the early 900s. Korea used woodblock printing as early as the 700s,
and later invented moveable type, which it passed on to Song China.
Korea Most profoundly influenced by China for longest amount of
time
Peoples that lived in and ruled China before Chinese- hunting and
herding peoples Colonized by Chinese Although they tried to resist
Sinification prevailed Sinification (influence from China) variants
of Buddhism
Chinese writing tough to be adapted Unified law code Established
universities Tried to implement Chinese-style bureaucracy Doesnt
work well because the noble families dont like it, they would lose
privileges Divided into three parts during Three Kingdoms Koguryo,
Paekche, and Silla China (Tang Empire) strikes an alliance with
Silla Becomes a tribute
Must make tribute payments Submit as a vassal The Chinese withdrew
their armies in 668 Sinification and the tributary system Send
emissaries Must perform kowtow (ritual bowing with forehead on
floor) Benefits include: Continued peace Access to Chinese learning
(Buddhist, Confucian, and technological) Access to Chinese art and
manufactured products (for elite) Merchants traveled with the
emissaries to trade This system became a major channel of
trade/cultural exchange! Korean elite culture was most effected by
China
Aristocrats were able to study in Chinese schools and participate
in civil service exams (less important here than in China) Brought
in more Buddhism than Confucianism but brought in a more Chinese
version than the original form from India. Began producing
porcelain and actually surpassed China in quality, and developed a
unique black stoneware Korea also exported some raw materials to
China
Luxury products imported from China were pretty much only for the
elites Fancy clothes (usually silk) Special teas Scrolls (poetry,
educational, etc.) Artwork Korea also exported some raw materials
to China Mostly forest products and copper Japan Japans mountainous
terrain was home to hundreds of small states that were unified,
perhaps by horse-riding warriors from Korea, in the fourth or fifth
century. The unified state established its government at Yamato on
Honshu Island. In the mid-seventh century, the rulers of Japan
implemented a series of political reforms to establish a
centralized government, legal code, national histories,
architecture, and city planning based on the model of Tang China.
However, the Japanese did not copy the Chinese model uncritically:
they adapted it to the needs of Japan and maintained their own
concept of emperorship. The native religion of Shinto survived
alongside the imported Buddhist religion. Women of the aristocracy
became royal consorts, thus linking the court with their own
kinsmen. A constitution that influenced Japanese political thought
for centuries was developed in 604 when Siuko, a woman from an
immigrant aristocratic family, reigned as empress, taking over for
her husband at his death in 592. During the Heian period (7941185),
the Fujiwara clan dominated the Japanese government. The Heian
period is known for the aesthetic refinement of its aristocracy and
for the elevation of civil officials above warriors. By the late
1000s, some warrior clans had become wealthy and powerful. After
years of fighting, one warrior clan took control of Japan and
established the Kamakura Shogunate, with its capital at Kamakura in
eastern Honshu. Japan In the 7th and 8th century Japan attempted to
borrow traditions from China Army, court etiquette, and art
However, the emperor of Japan was kept sheltered This led to
provincial leaders (warlords) talking over and a series of civil
wars from the 12th to 17th centuries. Taika Reforms copying Chinese
administration
Chinese characters/language adoption wrote history in dynastic
terms court etiquette struggled to master Confucian ways worshipped
in Chinese style temples admired Buddhist art Buddhism blended with
kami Shinto After some tension between the Emperor and the
aristocracy and Buddhist monks the capital was moved to Heian
(Kyoto) Part of the motivation to move was the emperors inability
to control Buddhist monks, so he was trying to move away from them
The monks just built new monasteries in the nearby hills. The
aristocracy had power because rank was determined by birth, not
merit Local leaders gained power by organizing militias Life at
court was ultracivilized
There were many rules to regulate behavior Those at court were
always expected to be polite Court life was very public, every
action was scrutinized, many put up a faade Known for grand complex
of gardens and palaces Literature was important in court life
Writing verse prioritized First novel-prose-Lady Muraskis The Tale
of Genji Criticizedthose who pursue aesthetic enjoyment Shows how
poised and cultured nobility was expected to act Females played
unusually creative roll avoided full Chinese influence Rise of the
Provincial Warrior Elites
Large landed estates come from aristocratic families Built up power
landowners, estate managers, local officials Decentralization:
Mini-kingdoms like fiefdoms/manors in Europe become the norm small
fortresses constant threat from neighboring lords self-sufficient
granaries, blacksmith, wells Warrior leaders called bushi
Administered law, public works, collected taxes, and maintained
armies Samurai armies loyal to lords called in to protect
emperor
age of danger/bandits samurai as bodyguards warrior class
constantly trained in hunting, riding, archery used longbow and
steel swords warrior code bushido Courage Seppuku-(hari-kari)
ritual suicide if you dishonor family Prearranged battle locations,
proclaimed ancestry, few fatalities Feudal Japan and Feudal Europe
are often compared on the AP exam.
Peasants become serfs bound to land Were not allowed to carry
swords or dress like samurai turned to Buddhism Feudal Japan and
Feudal Europe are often compared on the AP exam. Vietnam
Geographical proximity and a similar, irrigated wet-rice
agriculture made Vietnam suitable for integration with southern
China. Economic and cultural assimilation took place during Tang
and Song times, when the elite of Annam (northern Vietnam) modeled
their high culture on that of the Chinese. When the Tang Empire
fell, Annam established itself as an independent state under the
name Dai Viet. In southern Vietnam, the kingdom of Champa was
influenced by Malay and Indian as well as by Chinese culture.
During the Song period, when Dai Viet was established, Champa
cultivated a relationship with the Song state and exported the
fast-maturing Champa rice to China. Vietnam Rice based diet and
agriculture
Vietnamese not as accepting of Chinese influence Geographically
farther away from heart of China Resilient culture Saw themselves
as a distinct people with their own traditions and characteristics,
and they were afraid Chinese rule would jeopardize that Benefits
from relations with China
technology market for their goods: ivory, tortoise shells, pearls,
peacock feathers, aromatic woods, exotic products from sea/forest
able to emulate some of the political organization Learned from
Chinese ideas The Chinese however, looked down on the Vietnamese as
southern barbarians Differences between Vietnam and China
Many of these things are the motivation for Chinas dislike
Different language More village autonomy Favored nuclear family
over extended family Never developed clan networks Women have
greater freedom/influence Women wear long skirts/not long pants
Delighted in cockfighting Chewed betel nut Blackened teeth In 111
B.C.E. Han dynasty conquers Vietnam the elite realized they could
benefit from this
attended Chinese schools took exams for administration cropping
techniques and irrigation military organization gave them an edge
over other neighbors family model begins to include extended family
venerated ancestors While the elite gained from connection to China
the peasants and women stood to lose a lot
Roots of Resistance Elites like the connection to China but the
peasants dont The Chinese dont like local customs of Vietnamese and
look down on them When local lords decided to take back power the
peasants rallied to their side One important example is the Trung
sisters that led a revolt illustrating the unhappiness of the
people and especially women The Chinese have a difficult time
trying to control Vietnam
Its far away there are mountain barriers Very few Chinese actually
moved to Vietnam (this limited the number of loyal Chinese
administrators) The Vietnamese took advantage of political turmoil
during the early Tang Empire and won independence in 939 East Asian
countries shared a common Confucian interest in hierarchy, but the
status of women varied from country to country. Foot-binding was
not common outside China. Before Confucianism was introduced to
Annam, women there had a higher status than women in Confucian
China. Nowhere, however, was the education of women considered
valuable or even desirable.