Post on 25-Feb-2016
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Chapter 10:
Disclosure and Privacy
Inter-Act, 13th Edition
Chapter Objectives2
Discuss the dialectic of disclosure and privacyExplain the theory of communication privacy
management (CPM)List the factors that affect people’s disclosure and
privacy rulesExplain how disclosure and privacy affect relationshipsDiscuss the effects of technology on privacy boundariesDescribe how to give and ask for personal feedback,
both praise and constructive criticism
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Self-Disclosure
Revealing confidential or secret information
Privacy
Withholding personal information to enhance autonomy or minimize vulnerability
The Disclosure–Privacy Dialectic 4
The tension between sharing personal information and keeping personal information confidential – also called the openness and closedness dialectic; each person has different expectations; these needs and expectations often vary over time
Communication Privacy Management Theory
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CPM: provides a framework for understanding the decision-making process people use to manage disclosure and privacy
Rules designed to maximize benefits of disclosure while minimizing risks
We negotiate rules with our partner or we simply assume that our partner understands what rules apply
Petronio’s 5 Disclosure Principles6
1. Private information is “owned” and people believe they have the right to control it.
2. Control is accomplished through privacy rules.3. When private information is disclosed, the
recipient becomes co-owner of the information.4. Third-party access concerns
Permeability: how much can be told Linkage: who else can know Ownership: who makes third-party disclosure
5. We are likely to encounter boundary turbulence, privacy violations, intrusions, and dilemmas.
Factors in CPM Theory Rules7
Culture Individualistic cultures value privacy
more than collectivist cultures. Americans tend to disclose more than
most cultures.Gender
Men tend to disclose less: “strong and silent” type.
Women tend to disclose more: “nurturing and sensitive” type.
Factors in CPM Theory Rules8
Motivation Disclose more to people we know or want
to know May disclose secrets of those we don’t like Risk–benefit analysis: weigh the
advantages/disadvantages of disclosingContext
Influenced by circumstances (ex: disclose to a “professional”; may “tell” when one is in danger
Disclosure during stress contributes to he
Effects on Relationships9
Intimacy We cycle between periods of deep disclosure and attempts
to reestablish privacy boundaries; controls relationship dev. Disclosing secrets may damage/end relationship; opting for
privacy may preserve intimacy, avoid conflict, protect feelings.
Reciprocity Partners don’t disclose at the same time/rate.
Information Co-ownership Disclosing to a third party may damage trust. Families co-own info. and est. rules (personal, legal,
financial)
Appropriate Self-Disclosure•Self-disclose the kind of information you want others to disclose to you.•Self-disclose more intimate information only when you believe the disclosure represents an acceptable risk.•Continue intimate self-disclosure only if it is reciprocated.
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• Move self-disclosure to deeper levels gradually.
• Reserve intimate or very personal self-disclosure for ongoing relationships.
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Reciprocalself-disclosure
has the greatestpositive effects.
Skills for Self-Disclosure and Privacy Management
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Owning Crediting yourself for feelings and opinions Making “I” statements
Describing behavior Recounting specific behaviors without drawing
conclusionsDisclosing feelings
Owning and explaining emotions
Owning13
Examples: “Lots of boys wet the bed.”/ “I was a bed wetter.” “Everybody thinks Colin is unfair.”/ “Colin hurt my
feelings with his criticism, which I perceived as unfair.”
“Nobody likes to be laughed at.”/ “Being laughed at embarrasses me.”
“Jon is a flirt.”/ “Jon has been flirting with me.”
Describing Behavior14
Identify the overall impression you are experiencing.
Recall the specific behaviors that led to the impression.
Form a message to report only what you have seen or heard without drawing a conclusion about the behaviors.
Describing Behavior15
Examples: “I really messed up when I was in high school handing
around with gang bangers and generally acting like a tough guy.” (evaluative and vague)
“My freshman year in high school I began partying with a local gang. My grades dropped, I was arrested for shoplifting, and I got kicked off the football team. So instead of going to college on an athletic scholarship, I’m working my way through community college.” (specific without drawing conclusions; focuses on the behavior)
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Describing Feelings
Explaining emotions one feels in a precise and unemotional manner
Displaying Feelings
Showing emotions through facial reactions, body language, or paralanguage
Disclosing Feelings17
Increases the likelihood of having a positive interaction with someone rather than an argument, and it decreases the chances of provoking defensiveness
“I feel…” doesn’t guarantee you will end up actually describing a feeling, but may end up evaluating, labeling, or blaming someone Identify what triggered the feelings Identify the particular emotion you are
experiencing Use an “I feel..” followed by naming the specific
feelingBecome comfortable with describing positive
feelings before trying to describe negative feelings effectively
Protecting Privacy18
Making a conscious decision to withhold information or feelings from others Change the subject. Mask feelings. Tell a “white lie.” Describe your feelings. Establish personal boundaries.
Asking for Feedback19
Think of feedback as in your best interest.Be prepared for an honest response. Guidelines:
Specify the kind of feedback you are seeking. Avoid loaded questions. Try to avoid negative verbal and nonverbal
reactions to feedback. Paraphrase what you hear. Show gratitude for the feedback.
Giving Personal Feedback20
Praising Recounting
specific behaviors oraccomplishments
of another and their positive
effectson others
ConstructiveCriticism Diplomaticallydescribes the
specific negativebehaviors of
anotherand their effects
Praising21
When we keep our positive impressions of our partners private, we deprive them of self-concept enhancing info that encourages them to repeat the behaviors we think are praiseworthy
Guidelines: Make note of the specific behavior you wish to
reinforce Describe the specific behavior Describe the positive feelings or outcomes you or
others experienced as a result Phrase your response so that the level of praise
appropriately reflects the significance of the behavior
Giving Constructive Criticism22
Begin by asking your partner’s permission to disclose negative feedback.
Preface a negative statement with a positive one.
Describe the problematic behavior by following guidelines for describing behavior.
Be as specific as possible.Suggest how the person can change the
behavior.
Effects of Social Media on Privacy23
Social media and cell phone use in public blur the distinction between public and private communication.
Social media and the Internet are changing what people view as private and public.
THE BIG BANG THEORY“THE TANGERINE FACTOR” S1 ,E17
DISCUSSION:HOW DOES PENNY REACT?HOW WOULD YOU REACT?
HOW DOES PERSONAL INFORMATION YOU READ ABOUT FRIENDS ON FACEBOOK IMPACT YOUR PERCEPTION OF THEM?
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Awareness of Audience
Warranting Theory25
We use Facebook pages to create perceptions of others: Tags Posts Blog comments
Warranting theory: We find behaviors of others more credible when it cannot be easily manipulated by the person whom it describes.
Digitally Managing Your Personal Information
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Do not carry on private phone conversations in public places.
Do not post information online that you would not want your employers, enemies, or identity thieves to see.
Be aware that others can digitally alter your digital image.
Use social media privacy settings.
WHAT IS ON YOUR FACEBOOK ACCOUNT?IN THE WRONG HANDS YOUR FACEBOOK ACCOUNT CAN BE VERY REVEALING. SEE
TAKETHISLOLLIPOP.COM
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Too much self-disclosure?
WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF WE USED OUR FACEBOOK LINGO IN OUR FACE -TO -FACE
CONVERSATIONS:HTTP: / /WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=EG-
STKTWXUA
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How Facebook has changed our conversations