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Chapter 2
apter :
The Database
Development Process
Modern Database Management
8th Edition
Jeffrey A. Hoffer, Mary B. Prescott,
Fred R. McFadden2
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Chapter 2
Objectives
Definition of terms
Describe system development life cycle
Explain prototyping approach
Explain roles of individuals Explain three-schema approach
Explain role of packaged data models
Explain three-tiered architectures
Explain scope of database design projects
Draw simple data models
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Chapter 2
Enterprise Data Model
First step in database development
Specifies scope and general content
Overall picture of organizational data at high
level of abstraction
Entity-relationship diagram
Descriptions of entity types
Relationships between entities
Business rules
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Chapter 2
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Figure 2-1 Segment from enterprise data model
Enterprise data model
describes the high-
level entities in an
organization and therelationship between
these entities
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Chapter 2
Information Systems Architecture
(ISA)
Conceptual blueprint for organizations desiredinformation systems structure
Consists of: Data (e.g. Enterprise Data Modelsimplified ER Diagram)
Processesdata flow diagrams, process decomposition, etc.
Data Networktopology diagram (like Fig 1-9)
Peoplepeople management using project managementtools (Gantt charts, etc.)
Events and points in time (when processes are performed)
Reasons for events and rules (e.g., decision tables)
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Chapter 2
Information Engineering
A data-oriented methodology to create andmaintain information systems
Top-down planninga generic IS planningmethodology for obtaining a broad understandingof the IS needed by the entire organization
Four steps to Top-Down planning: Planning
Analysis
Design
Implementation
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Chapter 2
Information Systems Planning
(Table 2-1)
Purposealign information technology with
organizations business strategies
Three steps:1. Identify strategic planning factors
2. Identify corporate planning objects
3.Develop enterprise model
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Chapter 2
Identify Strategic Planning Factors
(Table 2-2)
Organization goalswhat we hope to accomplish
Critical success factorswhat MUST work in order for us to
survive
Problem areasweaknesses we now have
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Chapter 2
Identify Corporate Planning
Objects (Table 2-3) Organizational unitsdepartments
Organizational locations
Business functionsgroups of business processes Entity typesthe things we are trying to model for the database
Information systemsapplication programs
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Chapter 2
Develop Enterprise Model
Functional decomposition
Iterative process breaking system description into finer and finerdetail
Enterprise data model
Planning matrixes
Describe interrelationships
between planning objects
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Figure 2-2 Example of process decomposition of anorder fulfillment function (Pine Valley Furniture)
Decomposition = breaking
large tasks into smaller tasks
in a hierarchical structure
chart
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Chapter 2
Planning Matrixes
Describe relationships between planning objects in the organization
Types of matrixes:
Function-to-data entity
Location-to-function
Unit-to-function
IS-to-data entity
Supporting function-to-data entity
IS-to-business objective
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Example business function-to-data
entity matrix (Fig. 2-3)
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Chapter 2
Two Approaches to Database
and IS Development
SDLC System Development Life Cycle Detailed, well-planned development process Time-consuming, but comprehensive Long development cycle
Prototyping Rapid application development (RAD) Cursory attempt at conceptual data modeling Define database during development of initial prototype Repeat implementation and maintenance activities with new
prototype versions
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Chapter 2
Systems Development Life Cycle
(see also Figures 2.4, 2.5)
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Planning
Analysis
Physical Design
Implementation
Maintenance
Logical Design
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Systems Development Life Cycle
(see also Figures 2.4, 2.5) (cont.)
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Planning
Analysis
Physical Design
Implementation
Maintenance
Logical Design
Planning Purposepreliminary understanding
Deliverablerequest for study
Database activity
enterprise modeling and
early conceptual data
modeling
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Systems Development Life Cycle
(see also Figures 2.4, 2.5) (cont.)
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Planning
Analysis
Physical Design
Implementation
Maintenance
Logical Design
Analysis
Purpose
thorough requirements analysis and
structuring
Deliverablefunctional system specifications
Database activity
Thoroughand integrated conceptual
data modeling
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Systems Development Life Cycle
(see also Figures 2.4, 2.5) (cont.)
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Planning
Analysis
Physical Design
Implementation
Maintenance
Logical DesignLogical Design
Purpose
information requirements elicitationand structure
Deliverabledetailed design specifications
Database activity
logical database design
(transactions, forms,
displays, views, data
integrity and security)
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Systems Development Life Cycle
(see also Figures 2.4, 2.5) (cont.)
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Planning
Analysis
Physical Design
Implementation
Maintenance
Logical Design
Physical Design
Purpose
develop technology and
organizational specifications
Deliverableprogram/data
structures, technology purchases,
organization redesigns
Database activity
physical database design (define
database to DBMS, physical
data organization, database
processing programs)
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Chapter 2
Systems Development Life Cycle
(see also Figures 2.4, 2.5) (cont.)
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Planning
Analysis
Physical Design
Implementation
Maintenance
Logical Design
Implementation
Purpose
programming, testing, training,installation, documenting
Deliverableoperational programs,
documentation, training materials
Database activity
database implementation,
including coded programs,
documentation,
installation and conversion
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Chapter 2
Systems Development Life Cycle
(see also Figures 2.4, 2.5) (cont.)
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Planning
Analysis
Physical Design
Implementation
Maintenance
Logical Design
Maintenance
Purposemonitor, repair, enhance
Deliverableperiodic audits
Database activity
database maintenance,
performance analysis
and tuning, error
corrections
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Prototyping Database Methodology(Figure 2.6)
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Prototyping Database Methodology
(Figure 2.6) (cont.)
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Prototyping Database Methodology
(Figure 2.6) (cont.)
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Prototyping Database Methodology
(Figure 2.6) (cont.)
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Prototyping Database Methodology
(Figure 2.6) (cont.)
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Chapter 2
CASE
Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE)software tools providingautomated support for systems development
Three database features:
Data modelingdrawing entity-relationship diagrams
Code generationSQL code for table creation Repositoriesknowledge base of enterprise information
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Chapter 2
Packaged Data Models
Model components that can be purchased,customized, and assembled into full-scale datamodels
Advantages
Reduced development time
Higher model quality and reliability
Two types:
Universal data models Industry-specific data models
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Chapter 2
Managing Projects Projecta planned undertaking of related activities to reach an
objective that has a beginning and an end
Involves use of review points for: Validation of satisfactory progress
Step back from detail to overall view
Renew commitment of stakeholders Incremental commitmentreview of systems development project
after each development phase with rejustification after each phase
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Chapter 2
Managing Projects: People Involved
Business analysts Systems analysts
Database analysts and data modelers
Users Programmers
Database architects
Data administrators
Project managers
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Chapter 2
Database Schema
Physical Schema Physical structurescovered in Chapters 5 and 6
Conceptual Schema
E-R modelscovered in Chapters 3 and 4 External Schema
User Views
Subsets of Conceptual Schema
Can be determined from business-function/data entitymatrices
DBA determines schema for different users
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Different people
have differentviews of the
databasethese
are the external
schema
The internal
schema is the
underlying
design andimplementation
Figure 2-7 Three-schema architecture
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Figure 2-8 Developing the three-tiered architecture
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Figure 2-9 Three-tiered client/server database architecture
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Chapter 2
Pine Valley Furniture
35Segment of project data model (Figure 2-11)
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Figure 2-12 Four relations (Pine Valley Furniture)
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Figure 2-12 Four relations (Pine Valley Furniture) (cont.)
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