Transcript of Ch. 29: The Great War Sec. 1: Marching Toward War.
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- Ch. 29: The Great War Sec. 1: Marching Toward War
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- Background - By 1900, most of Europe had been at peace for
nearly 30 years. Many peace organizations were active and some
Europeans believed that the progress gained had made war a thing of
the past. But beneath all of the goodwill, tensions were rising.
Nationalism A deep devotion to ones country - Nationalism can serve
as a unifying force but it can cause intense competition among
nations with each seeking to overpower the other. - Rivalries had
developed between the European powers of Austria Hungary, France,
Great Britain, Germany, and Italy
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- Causes 1. Competition for minerals 2. Competition for markets
3. Territorial disputes (France losing the Alsace-Lorraine region
to Germany in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870) 4. Imperialism 5.
Arms Race
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- Build up Arms race The need for advanced weapons and large
armies Militarism Glorifying military power - Read primary source
p. 842 - Growing rivalries and mistrust led to the creation of
alliances. Alliances are designed to maintain peace, but they
actually did the opposite
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- Arms race
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- Alliances - Germany felt France was the biggest threat to peace
so they created alliances that would isolate France Triple Alliance
An alliance between Germany, Austria- Hungary, and Italy - Germany
also created a separate alliance with Russia
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- Kaiser Wilhelm Kaiser Wilhelm Takes control of Germany in 1890
and lets the alliance with Russia lapse. - He also decided to build
a strong navy to compete with Great Britain - The British didnt
like the Kaisers actions so they formed an entente (alliance)
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- Triple Entente Triple Entente An alliance between Great
Britain, Russia, and France - A dispute between any of the European
powers could draw all of them into war
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- Balkans Balkan Peninsula A region in southeast Europe. It
comprised several ethnic groups and had a history of uprisings. -
It had been referred to as the powder keg of Europe - Most of the
Balkan countries were under the Ottoman Empire but as that was
collapsing, several had gained independence (Greece, Bulgaria,
Romania, Montenegro, Serbia)
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- Serbia - Serbia wanted to expand its borders to create a large
Slavic state and Russia supported them - Austria-Hungary opposed
Serbias plan fearing it would create Slavic nationalism in its
lands
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- Tension - In 1908, Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and
Herzegovina. This upset Serbia who also wanted that region and
vowed to get it. This created tension between Serbia and
Austria-Hungary
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- Assassination June 28, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to
the Austro-Hungarian throne) and his wife Sophie are assassinated
in Sarajevo (Bosnia) by a Serbian national while on a state visit.
- As a result, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia and Russia,
an ally of Serbia, declared war on Austria- Huungary
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- Sec. 2: Europe Plunges into War
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- War - By 1914 Europe was divided into two main camps: Triple
Entente Great Britain, France, Russia Triple Alliance Austria-
Hungary, Germany, Italy - Because of their pledge to support each
other, nearly all of Europe went to war
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- War Central Powers Germany and Austria-Hungary. So called
because they are located in central Europe. They were later joined
by the Ottomans and Bulgaria Allies Great Britain, France, and
Russia. Eventually they were joined by Japan and Italy (who
switched sides) - By the fall of 1914 the sides were deadlocked. No
one was gaining an advantage
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- Fronts Western Front The battle lines in northern France
Eastern Front The battle lines along the German-Russian border
Schlieffen Plan Germanys plan for a quick victory over France in
the west, and then sending its troops to the east to defeat
Russia
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- Stalemate - At first it looked like the plan might work but the
allies regrouped and pushed Germany back in the west - The western
front became a stalemate - Germany was now faced with fighting a
war on two fronts - The tactic used during WWI was called Trench
Warfare
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- Trench Warfare Trench Warfare Soldiers fought each other from
trenches, trading huge loss of human life for small gains in land
Read: Trench Warfare p. 847- 848 - The war in the east was mostly
Germany and Austria- Hungary vs Russia and Serbia. The east was
more mobile, but slaughter and stalemates were common here
too.
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- Trench Warfare
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- War - Russia had not yet industrialized so the war was more
difficult. Russia was always short of supplies and supply lines
were iffy. - Russia did have huge numbers however. Russia suffered
huge battlefield losses but they were able to tie up millions of
German soldiers in battle preventing them from helping in the west
The Great War eventually spread to Africa and Southeast Asia
becoming a true world war
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- Sec. 3: A Global Conflict
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- Gallipoli - As the stalemates continued, both sides looked for
new alliances. They also looked for new battle fronts to gain
victory The Gallipoli Campaign (February, 1915) The allies
attempted to take the Dardanelles (a waterway) and the Gallipoli
peninsula Doing so would cut off the Ottoman capital and create a
supply line to Russia
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- Stalemate - Soon this campaign also became a trench warfare
stalemate. By December 1915, the allies gave up and evacuated -
Japan attacked German colonies in China and the Pacific hoping to
cut off supplies and possibly gain some territory for
themselves
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- Africa - The British and the French recruited their subjects in
Africa to help take Germanys African colonies. - Some of the
colonies helped thinking it might lead to their independence and
others had no interest in the colonizers war
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- U Boat - Germany had an advantage in submarine warfare and used
it to sink supply ships May 7, 1915 Germany sinks the Lusitania, a
British passenger ship. 1,198 people died including 128 Americans -
The ship had been carrying ammunition, but the American public was
still outraged
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- Lusitania - Germany backed off on the attacks for a while
Unrestricted submarine warfare Declared by Germany in January,
1917. The would sink, without warning, any ship in the waters
around Britain - 3 American ships were sunk as a result
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- Zimmerman Telegram Zimmerman Telegram A note sent by German
foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman to Mexican officials asking them
to join Germany in exchange for land lost to America in the
Mexican-American War - This proved to be the last straw. The US
declared war on Germany on April 2, 1917. - By the time the US got
involved, the Great War had been raging for 3 years and millions
had been killed
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- Total War Total War Devoting all resources to the war effort -
Most factories were taken over by the government and manufactured
supplies for the war Rationing People could buy only small amounts
of goods that were also needed for the war (butter, food supplies,
leather, rubber, etc)
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- Propaganda - The government often censored the news fearful
that the truth would turn support against the war Propaganda
One-sided information designed to persuade and keep up morale and
support for the war - Women were also recruited in the war effort.
Many replaced the men in factories that had gone off to war. They
performed traditionally male jobs
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- Propaganda
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- Russia - US entry into the war gave the allies a huge
advantage, however problems in Russia changed that. - An uprising
in Russia caused them to pull out of the Great War in November,
1917. Russia then signed a peace treaty with Germany. This
essentially ended the war in the east. - Germany was now able to
send nearly all troops to the western front - Germany launched an
all out assault on Paris and got to within 40 miles - But with 2
million fresh American soldiers helping out, the allies pushed the
Germans back and the Central Powers began to collapse.
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- The End of the War - First the Bulgarians surrendered, and then
the Ottomans October 1918 Revolution swept through Austria-Hungary
and soon Germany was alone. November 9, 1918 Kaiser Wilhelm steps
down, Germany is declared a republic, and Germany signed an
armistice with the French
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- The End of the War Armistice An agreement to stop fighting
November 11, 1918 The war officially ended
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- Armistice Great War Legacy: 1. Ushered in the notion of war on
a global scale 2. It left 8.5 million soldiers dead (116,000
Americans) and 21 million wounded 3. Countless civilian deaths 4.
It drained the treasuries of those involved (338 billion a huge
amount at the time
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- Damage 5. It destroyed many homes and thousands of acres of
farmland 6. It created a bad war-ending treaty
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- Sec. 4: A Flawed Peace
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- Treaty - On January 18, 1919 a conference began which was to
establish the terms of peace. It would take a year and much bitter
debate. Each country had a view on what terms would be best. 32
nations sent representatives to the conference. Neither Germany nor
its allies were represented - Due to a civil war, Russia was not
represented either - Despite all of the representatives, most of
the decisions were made by the Big 4
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- Big 4 1. Woodrow Wilson USA 2. Georges Clemenceau France 3.
David Lloyd George Great Britain 4. Vittorio Orlando Italy
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- 14 Points Fourteen Points Wilsons proposal for peace terms -
the guiding idea behind these points was self-determination
Self-Determination Allowing people to decide for themselves under
which government they wished to live
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- Stuff - Wilson also called for a League of Nations that would
represent great and small nations alike. He hoped that this
organization could negotiate a peaceful solution to world conflicts
June 28, 1919 The treaty is signed (by most nations.) Treaty of
Versailles The treaty that ended the Great War The treaty was very
tough on Germany
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- Treaty Terms 1. Germany had restrictions placed on its military
2. Germany lost much of its land in Europe and all of its colonies
(they became mandates) 3. War Guilt Clause It placed sole
responsibility for the war on Germany and forced Germany to pay
reparations
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- Reparations Reparations payment for war damages - The treaty
created feelings of bitterness among the victors and the
defeated
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- Treaty Unhappy Compromise refers to the Treaty of
Versailles
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- New Map - Several new nations were created out of land lost by
the Central Powers Austria-Hungary Austria, Hungary,
Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia Ottoman Empire Turkey, Palestine, Iraq,
Jordan, Syria, Lebanon Russia Poland, Finland, Romania, Estonia,
Latvia, Lithuania
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- Bitterness - The treaty did not build lasting peace. It was
just the opposite - America rejected the treaty and signed a
separate peace with Germany in later years - America did not join
the League of Nations and it ultimately failed - Japan and Italy
were bitter about not getting the land they desired - Imperialism
didnt really end it just continued under the mandate system
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- Bitterness - The War Guilt Clause left a bitter hatred with the
Germans and left the country impoverished and starved for new
leadership - The treaty has been called a treaty built on quicksand
- The treaty would lead to another war
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- THE END