CellsLeech photoreceptor cells

CellsObjectives:

•To describe the cell theory and the discoveries that led up to it.

•To describe the structure and function of various cell organelles

•To compare and contrast plant and animal cells.

•To describe the various forms of transport that occur in cells.

Leech photoreceptor cells

The Cell Theory Timeline Fill in the blanks as you complete the timeline. Use pages 87- 88 in your text

1600’s 1800’s 1700’s

Anton van Leeuwenhoek Developed the 1st microscope Observed pond water and

made detailed observations

Robert Brown Observed cork cells. Thought cells looked like

small rooms in a monastery. Was NOT looking at living

cells.

1900’s

Robert Brown Observed a round

structure near the center of cells.

Now called the nucleus

Mattias Schleiden German botanist Stated, “All Plants are made of

cells”

Theodor Schwann Stated, “All animals are made of cells”

Rudolf Virchow German Physician Said, “All cells come

from preexisting cells.”

The Cell Theory States

All living things are composed of cells. Cells are the basic units of structure and function

in living things All cells come from preexisting cells.

Hooke

Anton van LeeuwenhoekDeveloped the 1st microscope

Observed pond water and made detailed observations

Robert HookeObserved cork cells.

Thought cells looked like small rooms in a monastery.Was NOT looking at living cells.

Robert BrownObserved a round structure near the center of cells.

Now called the nucleus

Mattias Schleiden•German botanistStated, “All Plants are made of cells”

Theodor Schwann

Stated, “All animals are made of cells”

Rudolf Virchow

German Physician

Said, “All cells come from preexisting cells.”

The Cell Theory States•All living things are composed of cells.Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living thingsAll cells come from preexisting cells.

The yolk from bird eggs is one cell.

Prokaryotic verses Eukaryotic cells

• Simple cells• Includes bacteria• No nucleus• Circular DNA

• Typical cells• Includes all plants,

animals, fungi, and protists (1 celled organisms)

• Have a nucleus

Eukaryotic Structures and FunctionsStructure The Cell Membrane

Description “The Gatekeeper”Function Controls what gets in and out of the cell

Close up view of the cell membrane

Eukaryotic Structures and FunctionsStructure Cytoplasm

Description “The Storehouse”Function Holds the organelles/gives the cell

shape

Close up of cytoplasm

Eukaryotic Structures and FunctionsStructure Cytoskeleton

Description SupportFunction System microtubules that hold

organelles

Close up of cytoskeleton

Eukaryotic Structures and FunctionsStructure Cilia

Description Hair-like structures

Function Movement/feeding

cytoplasm

Eukaryotic Structures and FunctionsStructure Flagellum

Description Whip-like tail made of microtubules

Function “movement”

cytoplasm

Eukaryotic Structures and FunctionsStructure Ribosomes

Description “protein factories”Function Make proteins/ some attached to

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Close up of E.R. with ribosomes

cytoplasm

Eukaryotic Structures and FunctionsStructure Mitochondria

Description “powerhouse”Function Change the chemical energy into

compounds the cell can use.

Close up of Mitochondria

cytoplasm

Eukaryotic Structures and FunctionsStructure Nucleus

Description “The Brain”Function Contains heredity information

Close up of nucleus

Eukaryotic Structures and FunctionsStructure Nucleolus

Description RNAFunction Makes RNA

Close up of nucleus

Eukaryotic Structures and FunctionsStructure Nuclear Membrane (envelope)

Description “Nuclear Gatekeeper”Function Controls what enters and leaves

nucleus through pores

Close up of nucleus

Eukaryotic Structures and FunctionsStructure DNA

Description Chromatin normally, thicken into chromosomes during reproduction

Function Contains the DNA/information the defines an individual

Close up of nucleus

squigglescytoplasm

Eukaryotic Structures and FunctionsStructure Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Description “transports”Function Transports the proteins made by the

ribosomes; pinches them off into vacoules

Close up of rough E.R. with ribosomes

cytoplasm

Eukaryotic Structures and FunctionsStructure Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Description “stores”Function Makes fats and breaks down toxins

Close up of smooth E.R.

cytoplasm

Eukaryotic Structures and FunctionsStructure Golgi Bodies

Description Stacks of sacs/shippersFunction Modifies and Packages up proteins

made at on the ER.

Close up of golgi

cytoplasm

Eukaryotic Structures and FunctionsStructure Lysosomes

Description “cleanup crews”Function Digests foreign materials and breaks

down worn out organelles.

Close up of lysosome with digested matter.

cytoplasm

Eukaryotic Structures and FunctionsStructure Vacoules

Description Membrane bound sacsFunction Membrane forms around food or water

particles that are brought into the cell.

vacuole

cytoplasm

Cell Organization

• Cell specialization – cells are uniquely suited to perform particular functions within the organism (I.e. react to environment, to move, to make energy…)

Cell Organization- levels of organization

• Cell

• Tissues

• Organs

• Organ systems

Cell Organization- levels of organization

• Cell

• Tissues

• Organs

• Organ systems

The Cell is the basic unit of structure and function

• Cell

• Tissues

• Organs

• Organ systems

Tissues- groups of similar cells with similar functions.

Cell Organization- levels of organization

• Cell

• Tissues

• Organs

• Organ systems

Example #1

Blood is a connective tissue that is responsible for transport in many organisms.

Cell Organization- levels of organization

Blood from a toad

Cell Organization- levels of organization

• Cell

• Tissues

• Organs

• Organ systems

Example #2

Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue.

Human Cartilage

Cell Organization- levels of organization

• Cell

• Tissues

• Organs

• Organ systems

Most animals contain 4 tissue types

Muscle

Smooth muscle of the small intestine

Cell Organization- levels of organization

• Cell

• Tissues

• Organs

• Organ systems

Most animals contain 4 tissue types

Nervous

A neuron from the spinal cord.

Cell Organization- levels of organization

• Cell

• Tissues

• Organs

• Organ systems

Most animals contain 4 tissue types

Epithelial (covers organs and membranes)

Epithelial tissue covers the small intestine

• Cell

• Tissues

• Organs

• Organ systems

.

Cell Organization- levels of organization

Organs- a group of tissures that work together to perform a particular function

• Cell

• Tissues

• Organs

• Organ systems

.

Cell Organization- levels of organization

Examples

Human Heart

• Cell

• Tissues

• Organs

• Organ systems

.

Cell Organization- levels of organization

Examples

lungs

• Cell

• Tissues

• Organs

• Organ systems

.

Cell Organization- levels of organization

A group of organs working together to perform a particular function.

• Cell

• Tissues

• Organs

• Organ systems

.

Cell Organization- levels of organization

Examples

These organs make up part of the human digestive system.