Post on 11-Mar-2018
The Cell Theory1.
All living things are composed of one or more cells.
2.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function.
3.
Cells are produced only from existing cells.
All living things have cells
Unicellular creatures have
1 cell
Multicellular creatures have 2 or more cells
ProProkaryotickaryotic (Pre) (Pre) ( Nucleus)( Nucleus)
••
Always singleAlways single--
celledcelled••
lacks organelleslacks organelles
••
Few specialized functionsFew specialized functions••
BacteriaBacteria
are the are the onlyonly
groupgroup
of of
organisms that are prokaryotic!!!organisms that are prokaryotic!!!
EuEukaryotickaryotic (True) (True) ( Nucleus)( Nucleus)•
Single-celled or multi-celled
•
Has many organelles •
Specialized functionsEX: nerve cells: for transmitting info
•
All other living things EX: (Plants, Animals, Fungi)
Nerve Cell
CELL MEMBRANEFunction: controls what goes in & out & makes
cells waterproofFacts:•
Selectively Permeable: only lets certain things enter or leave
•
Made of Phospholipid Bilayer–
Made of lipids & proteins
–
Double layer
Analogy: Main gate/security booth
phospholipid
cell membrane
CYTOPLASMFunction: Prevents cell from collapsingFacts:
–
fluid
inside the membrane–
made of water, sugar, protein, etc.
–
“framework”
called a cytoskeleton
AnalogyAnalogy: Floor of the Factorycytoskeleton
cytoplasm
NUCLEUS Function: Stores genetic information (DNA)Facts:
•most but not all cells have a nucleus
Analogy: CEO/Boss of the factory
ChromatinFunction: Hold Genetic information
FACTS: •
Made of Nucleic Acids
•
Unorganized form of DNA
•
Becomes Chromosomes during cell division
Analogy: Blueprints for the cell phones
RibosomesRibosomesFunction: makes proteinsFacts:―found on rough ER
Analogy: factory workers who build the cell phones
Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)(ER)Function: passageway for
supplies to move about the cell
Facts: •
Also makes lipids & carbs
Analogy: Assembly line
Golgi apparatusGolgi apparatusFunction: prepares proteins and
other molecules for shipping outside of the cell.
Facts: ― The more molecules a cell makes
the bigger the Golgi
Analogy: packaging center for cell phones
MitochondriaMitochondriaFunction: makes energy for cellsFacts: changes Glucose from food
into fuel called ATP
Analogy: generator for factory
LysosomesLysosomesFunction: digests old cell partsFacts:
–Filled with enzymes that break down large molecules
–Only in animal cellsAnalogy: Janitors
CentriolesCentriolesFunction: move and organize
chromosomes during cell division Facts:
–Only in animal cells
Analogy: filing cabinet for blueprints
ChloroplastChloroplastFunction: makes energy for
plant cells
Facts:– Site of photosynthesis– Uses sunlight to change water &
Carbon Dioxide into Glucose and Oxygen
Analogy: solar panels
CELL WALLCELL WALLFunction: Gives structure & support to
plant cells
Facts: –
helps plant to grow upright (stiff)
–
Is outside the membrane–
In bacteria and plant cells
Analogy: Factory building wall
VACUOLEVACUOLEFunction: Stores water & nutrientsFacts:
-
Large and in the center in plant cells-
Many small ones in animal cells
– keeps plants from drying out
Analogy: Break room Refrigerator
The DifferencesANIMAL CELL•
Roundish–
Lysosomes
–
Centrioles
PLANT CELL•
Squarish–
Chloroplast
–
Cell Wall–
Central Vacuole
Cell energy•
All nutrients must be broken down to GLUCOSE.
•
Breakdown of nutrients to glucose is done by enzymes
Make glucose through Photosynthesis
Release energy from glucose Release energy from glucose through cellular respiration through cellular respiration
and ATP Productionand ATP Production
Get glucose from food
WHERE: ChloroplastWHO: plant cellsWHY: turns water and carbon
dioxide into glucose and oxygen!
WHEN: in the presences of light energy (sun)
1.1. LightLight is absorbed by chlorophyll 2. Light splits watersplits water into H2 and O3. Energy from this split is used to
make ATPATP
“Calvin Cycle”Steps1.Energy from ATP used to make sugarsugar
(C6 H12 O6 ) from H2 O & CO2
2.Oxygen is “leftover”
Cell RespirationWHERE: MITOCHONDRIAWHO: All Eukaryotic CellsWHY: to turn sugar (glucose) into fuel (ATP)
CC66 HH1212 OO66 + 6 O+ 6 O22 6 CO6 CO2 2 + 6 H+ 6 H22 OO
and 36 ATPand 36 ATP
carbon dioxide & water are “leftovers”
Two TypesAerobic•
Most Eukaryotic cells
•
needs oxygen•
makes 36 ATP
•
3 steps
Fermentation•
Yeast & Bacteria
• If oxygen isn’t available
• only makes 2 ATP
–
(ok for small things)•
This is how we make bread, yogurt, beer wine!
It’s a 3 STEP PROCESSWhy: to slowly release energy without
heating up the cell too much!1. Glycolysis: Happens in the cytoplasm
to
break down glucose–
All living things do glycolysis
2. Krebs Cycle: In the mitochondria, makes a few ATP (not efficient)
3. Electron Transport: In the mitochondria, makes a lot of ATP
The Big Picture1.
All nutrients must be broken down to Glucose
2.
Glucose must be converted to ATP
ANALOGY:
Money Tokens
•
The main energy molecule in organisms•
Energy is held in the Chemical Bonds– Breaking a bond releases energy
•
ATPADP– Making a bond stores energy
•
ADP ATP
Cellular Energy in the form of ATP gets used to drive cell
processes
EX: Cell DivisionCell Transport
Cell Size and Diffusion•
Cells must remain small to maximize diffusion
•
The larger a cells volume becomes, the less efficient it becomes.–
Prokaryotes -
Limited by efficient metabolism
–
Animal Cells (Eukaryotic) -
Limited by Surface Area to Volume ratio
•
Surface area of cells must be proportionally larger than it’s size (volume)
Several items make Cell Transport possible
1.
The Phospholipids ( Cell Membrane)2.
A Concentration Gradient
3.
Selective Permeability4.
Membrane Bound Proteins
Selectively Permeability:A property of biological membranes that allows some substances to cross the membrane more easily than others.
Concentration gradient: The difference in the amount of solution on each side of a cell membrane
The Phospholipid
HEAD LOVES WATER: hydrophilic
TAIL HATES WATER: hydrophobic
Hydro: Water
Philia: Love
Phobia: Fear or Hate
Heads out, Tails inHeads out, Tails in……
the membrane forms a Bithe membrane forms a Bi--layer (2)layer (2)
Types of Cellular Types of Cellular TransportTransport
Passive Transport–
Diffusion
–
Facilitated Diffusion•
Need Channel Proteins
•
No ATP
Active Transport–
Needs Carrier Proteins
–
Requires ATP•
Endocytosis
•
Exocytosis
Passive transportDiffusion: The tendency of a substance to move
from an area of high
conc. to an area of low conc. across a membrane in which the cell
expends no energy. (sliding down a slide)
Facilitated Diffusion: the process of transporting molecules by channel proteins during diffusion, requires no energy output(someone else carrying you down the slide)
Transport of molecules against
a concentration gradient (from low
conc. to
high
conc.) using carrier
proteins
in the cell membrane and energy from ATP. (walking up the slide)
Active transport
How Does that Look in a Cell?
A:A: Passive DiffusionB:B: Facilitated Diffusion
(needs channel protein)C:C: Active Transport (needs ATP & carrier protein)
Types of Active Transport
Exocytosis: The release of materials out of the cell (pooping)
EndocytosisThe taking of materials from outside the cell (eating)
Solvent: a liquid that dissolves the solute, usually water or alcohol
Solute:
Anything dissolved in a solvent
Together they make a Solution
Salt Sucks!Salt Sucks!
When salt is inside or outside the cell, it draws water in its direction.
This is why you get thirsty after eating something salty.
Same thing applies for other all solutes
Solutions and Cells•
All substances want to be equal on both sides of the membrane for homeostasis.
•
substances dissolved in solution have special vocabulary to describe them
•
Hypertonic•
Hypotonic
•
Isotonic
Hypertonic
•
The conc. of solute outside the cell is higher than the conc. inside
•
The solution outside is hypertonic
•
Water diffuses out of the cell until equilibrium is established.– The cell will shrink and lose mass
Hypotonic•
The conc. of solute outside the cell is lower than the conc. inside
•
The solution outside is hypotonic
•
Water diffuses into the cell until equilibrium is established.– The cell will get bigger and gain
mass
Isotonic•
The conc. of solute outside and inside the cell are equal
•
The solution outside is isotonic
•
Water diffuses into and out at equal rates – No net change in size or
mass
IsotonicHypotonicHypertonic
CHO
H2 O
CHOH2 O
H2 O
H2 OH2 O
H2 O
H2 O
H2 O
H2 O
H2 O
H2 OH2 O
H2 OH2 O
H2 O
CHO
CHO
CHO
CHO
CHO
CHOCHO
CHOCHO
CHO
CHO
CHO
H2 O
H2 O
H2 OH2 O
H2 O
H2 O
H2 O
H2 O
H2 O
H2 O
H2 O
H2 O
H2 O
H2 O
•Water moves out
•Cell Shrinks•Water moves in and out
•Cell Size remains same
•Water moves in
•Cell Swells
Why doesn’t the Glucose (CHO) move into the cell?