Post on 01-Jul-2020
1
Causes of Quality & Postharvest LossesCauses of Quality & Postharvest Losses
Leafy VegetablesLeafy VegetablesLettucesLettuces
SpinachSpinach
CabbageCabbage
ChardChard
BroccoliBroccoli
CeleryCelery
HerbsHerbs
EndivesEndives
AsparagusAsparagus
Water lossWater loss
Mechanical damageMechanical damage
Loss of chlorophyll and Loss of chlorophyll and other nutrientsother nutrients
Respiration ratesRespiration rates
Microbial growthMicrobial growth
Sensitivity to ethyleneSensitivity to ethylene
Marita Cantwellmicantwell@ucdavis.edu;
Effect of Temperature on Deterioration
25422.51.540104
14715.02.03086
8137.52.52068
3333.03.01050
11001.0--032
Daily Loss (%)
Relative Shelf-life
Relative Velocity of Deterioration Q10
Temp. °C
Temp. °F
Q10 = rate of deterioration at T+10°rate of deterioration at T
2
0.220.44Phenolics (A320)
7.523.9Vitamin C (mg/100 g)
20.020.4Sugar (mg/g)
1.65.9Carotenoids (mg/100 g)
5.121.5Chlorophyll (mg/100 g)
IcebergRomaineConstituent (fresh wt. basis)
Opportunities related tomore nutritious lettuces
Cantwell and Ermen 2006
Tot
al s
uga
rs (
mg/
g fw
t.)
0
5
10
15
0 days7 days
HeartInner
Young Midsize Full sizeOuter
Leaf Position
Total sugars
LSD.05
Leaf Position
To
tal a
sco
rbic
aci
d (
mg
/10
0g
fwt.)
0
10
20
30
40 0 days7 days
LSD.05
Vitamin C (Total Ascorbic Acid)
HeartInner
Young Midsize Full sizeOuter
Romainelettuce
3
Res
pir
atio
n r
ate
(ml C
O2/k
g-h
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30 Lettuces, EndivesSpinach, ChardsArugula , Brassicas
0°C (32°F) 10°C (50°F)
Immature Leaves
Iceberg LettuceRomaine LettuceLooseleaf Lettuces
Mature Heads
0°C (32°F) 10°C (50°F)
Respiration rates of specialty salad greens and full size lettucRespiration rates of specialty salad greens and full size lettuces.es.
From M. Cantwell, UC Davis 1998
Temperature
0 5 10 15 20
Resp
iration
rate (mg
CO
2 /kg-h
r)
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
Iceberg (air)Romaine (air)Looseleaf (air)Iceberg (2% O2)
32 41 50 59 68°F°C
3300
6600
9900
13200
16500
19800
Vit
al H
eat
(BT
U/t
on
-day
)
4
Lettuce Lettuce MaturityMaturity
Head firmnessSize, number of leaves
Russet SpottingRusset SpottingEthyleneEthylene--induced Disorder on Lettucesinduced Disorder on Lettuces
Large differencesLarge differencesamong varietiesamong varietiesin susceptibilityin susceptibility
Russet spot scores ~ 1 (none), 3, 6 and 9, respectively.
5
Variety
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Rus
set
Spo
ttin
g S
core
1=n
one,
9=
seve
re
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1=Sonoma 2=Spreckles 3=Salinas 521 4=Raider 5=Salinas 517 6=Buena Vista 7=Stinger 8=Van Sal 210 9=Salinas10=Ace11=Champ12=Salinas 8813=Ridgemark
A. Iceberg Lettuces
Variety
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
B. Romaine Lettuces
1=Paris Island Cos2=Romo3=Red Eye Cos4=Gx8005=Corazon6=Red Hot Cos7=Nero
Development of Russet Spot Disorder on Iceberg and Romaine Lettuces.Intact heads were stored in 5ppm ethylene at 5°C (1°F) plus 1 week in air.
Russet spotting was evaluated on a scale of 1 to 9, where 1=none, 3=slight, 5=moderate, 7=moderately severe and 9=severe.
Cantwell, UC Davis, unpublished
Days at 5°C0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Rus
set
spot
sco
re,
1=no
ne,
9=se
vere
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
LSD.05
Air
5 ppm Ethylene
1-MCP, Air1-MCP, 5 ppm Ethylene
1-MCP Prevents Russet Spot Disorder on Iceberg Lettuce
Test#2, midribs; 1000 ppb 1-MCP; Tarraza and Cantwell, Nov 2002
Control + Ethylene
1-MCP + Ethylene
6
Brown StainBrown StainCO2 >3%CO2 >3%
Lettuce disordersLettuce disorders•• Brown stainBrown stain——CO2CO2•• Pink rib Pink rib ––overmatureovermature headsheads•• Heart leaf injuryHeart leaf injury–– O2/CO2O2/CO2
Pink ribHeart Discoloration
Symptoms of Freezing in Lettuce
Normal Frozen
Romaine
Freeze Injury
7
Sclerotinia in iceberg lettuce
If the lettuce head is of marketable quality, no reductionIn shelf-life occurs if the roots are infected
Lettuce Storage ConditionsLettuce Storage Conditions
•• 00°°C (32C (32°°F) but freezing point is F) but freezing point is --0.20.2°°C (31.5C (31.5°°F)F)
•• ShelfShelf--life:life:–– 00°°C (32C (32°°F): >4 weeksF): >4 weeks
–– 55°°F (41F (41°°F): ~3 weeksF): ~3 weeks
•• High relative humidity, avoid free moistureHigh relative humidity, avoid free moisture
•• Controlled atmospheresControlled atmospheres–– Low O2 beneficial, CO2 >3% damagingLow O2 beneficial, CO2 >3% damaging
•• Ethylene sensitiveEthylene sensitive
8
Lettuce mobile packing units
Broccoli mobile packing unitPhotos from http://www.ramsayhighlander.com
Field Pack & PalletizeField Pack & PalletizeVacuum CoolVacuum Cool
9
Traditional Packing of Romaine:• Do not place cut lettuce on the ground• Waxed cartons rather than crates
10
Simple packaging to reduce water loss.Need to cool product (usually hydrocooling) before packagingor used vented packaging and vacuum cool (romaine lettuces)
Open
Bag
8 days
0.5°C (33°F) 5°C (41°F) 10°C (50°F)
5.2% 10.3% 13.9% weight loss
0.4% 0.5% 0.7% weight loss
11
Lettuces and other leafy greens in supermarket displays
Belgian Endive
12
Spinach Quality ParametersSpinach Quality Parameters
•• Green and uniform colorGreen and uniform color
•• Minimum breakageMinimum breakage
•• No dirt ; Clean and disinfectedNo dirt ; Clean and disinfected
•• No decayNo decay
•• CompositionComposition–– nitrates, oxalatesnitrates, oxalates
•• ShelfShelf--lifelife
Manual harvest of bunchedSpinach; vacuum cooledNote: no longer use slickers, use aprons
Ocean Mist, Salinas, 2006
13
http://www.ramsayhighlander.com
Mechanical harvest of young spinachfor washed and packaged product
Spinach varieties differ in rate of chlorophyll loss during storage
Low temperature is veryeffective in reducing chlorophyll loss of spinach
14
Quality categories (leaf damage)
for commercial packaged spinach
Leaf pieces comprised of <25% of leaf areaLeaf Pieces5
4
3
2
1
Category number and name
Partial leaves and partial leaves with numerous damaged areas
Severe damage
Intact or near intact* leaves with several damaged areas Moderate damage
Intact or near intact* leaves with 1 notable damaged area (tear, fracture)
Slight damage
Intact leaves with no or only minor damageNo damage
Category Description
*Near intact refers to leaves cut at the base with mechanical harvester
DEFECTS ON FIELD-GROWN PACKAGED LEAFY GREENSDAMAGE FOLLOWED BY DECAY, MOSTLY BACTERIALAugust 2008
Stored 7d 5C
White chardGreen romaine
Red romaine
Red chard
Tango
15
9=
exc
elle
nt,
1=
un
use
able
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
5=
gre
en, 1
=ye
llo
w
1
2
3
4
5
Days
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
1=
no
ne
, 5=
sev
ere
1
2
3
4
5
Days
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
1=
no
ne
, 5=
sev
ere
1
2
3
4
5
Visual Quality Color
Decay Off-odors
2.5°C 36°F5°C 41°F
7.5°C 45°F10°C 50°F
Spinach: Spinach: washed and baggedwashed and baggedproduct stored at 4 product stored at 4 temperaturestemperatures
Cantwell, UC Davis
BUT….Target Temp.0ºC (32ºF)
Impact of Temperature on Quality Changes
g/g
fre
sh w
eigh
t
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0LSD.05 = 0.32A. Ammonium
mg
/g fr
esh
we
ight
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Days at 5°C (41°F)
mg
/g fr
esh
we
ight
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0 21
B. Chlorophyll
C. Carotenoids LSD.05 = 0.027
LSD.05 = 0.092
g/g
fre
sh w
eigh
t
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0LSD.05 = 0.32A. Ammonium
mg
/g fr
esh
we
ight
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Days at 5°C (41°F)
mg
/g fr
esh
we
ight
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0 21
B. Chlorophyll
C. Carotenoids LSD.05 = 0.027
LSD.05 = 0.092
Changes in ammonium, chlorophyll Changes in ammonium, chlorophyll and and carotenoidcarotenoid concentrations concentrations in spinach after 0 and 21 days in airin spinach after 0 and 21 days in airat 5C (41F). Data averaged from at 5C (41F). Data averaged from 11spinach cultivars.11spinach cultivars.
Days
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
mg
/g fr
esh
we
ight
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
2.5°C 36°F 5°C 41°F 7.5°C 45°F 10°C 50°F
Ammonium concentration
Days
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
mg
/g fr
esh
we
ight
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
2.5°C 36°F 5°C 41°F 7.5°C 45°F 10°C 50°F
Ammonium concentration
16
mg/
g F
W
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
A. Ammonia 10°C (50°F) 9 days
Untreated+ MCP
mg
/g F
W
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
B. Ammonia 5°C (41°F) 18 days
Untreated+ MCP
Initial Air 1 ppm 10 ppm
LSD.05
LSD.05
Ethylene exposure Ethylene exposure increases deterioration in increases deterioration in leafy vegetables. leafy vegetables.
A new technology, 1A new technology, 1--MCP MCP ((SmartFreshSmartFresh™™, , AgroFreshAgroFresh) ) blocks ethylene effects. blocks ethylene effects.
11--MCP treatment maintained MCP treatment maintained low levels of ammonia in low levels of ammonia in spinach, even when stored spinach, even when stored at 10at 10°°C.C.
100µm
50ppm N (80% nitrate-20%ammonia) 200ppm N (80% nitrate-20%ammonia)
OlderLeaf 8
(only part of leaf)
Palisadecells
Spongy mesophyll
High N results in more fragile leaves; associated with more breakage during harvest, washing, packaging---increased decay and reduced shelf-life
SPINACHGREENHOUSEGROWN
Gutierrez and Cantwell 2007
17
Figure1 Texture profile of smooth spinach leaves
00.20.40.60.8
11.21.41.61.8
2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Distance (mm)
Fo
rce
(N
)
Smooth-No-Vein1
Wrinkled-No-Vein1
---- Young and/or thinner less fragile
---- Older and/or thicker more fragile
Texture Profile of Spinach Leaves
Young less fragile: less ‘crisp’, more force & work to breakThicker more fragile: ‘crisper’, less force & work to break
Leaves between plates; punctured with rounded cylindrical probe, 0.95 mm2
•• Young and mature spinach leaves respond Young and mature spinach leaves respond similarly to storage conditionssimilarly to storage conditions
•• Young leaves have less physical damageYoung leaves have less physical damage•• Excessive N fertilization results in weaker leavesExcessive N fertilization results in weaker leaves•• Low temperatures are essential for adequate Low temperatures are essential for adequate
shelfshelf--lifelife–– 00°°C (32C (32°°F): 3 weeksF): 3 weeks–– 55°°C (41C (41°°F): 2 weeksF): 2 weeks
•• Modified atmospheres, keep CO2 at 5% or lessModified atmospheres, keep CO2 at 5% or less•• High COHigh CO22 atmospheres stressful to spinachatmospheres stressful to spinach
Spinach StorageSpinach Storage
18
Storage Conditions for Fresh HerbsStorage Conditions for Fresh Herbs
•• 00°°C (32C (32°°F) but freezing point is F) but freezing point is --0.20.2°°C (31.5C (31.5°°F)F)–– ShelfShelf--life at 0life at 0°°C (32C (32°°F): 3F): 3--4 weeks4 weeks–– ShelfShelf--life at 5life at 5°°C (41C (41°°F): 2F): 2--3 weeks 3 weeks -- ShelfShelf--life based on aroma quality: 1life based on aroma quality: 1--2 week2 week-- Exception: chilling sensitive basil Exception: chilling sensitive basil 12.512.5°°C (55C (55°°F) bestF) best
•• High relative humidity, protective packaging, but avoid High relative humidity, protective packaging, but avoid free moisture condensationfree moisture condensation
•• Modified atmospheres can be beneficialModified atmospheres can be beneficial
•• Ethylene sensitiveEthylene sensitive
Vis
ual Q
ualit
y
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Aro
ma
1
2
3
4
5
% D
ecay
0
1
2
3
4
5
Col
or S
core
1
2
3
4
5
0° 5° 10° 15°C 0° 5° 10° 15°C
C D
A B
Storage temperature Storage temperature
O2=12-17%CO2=3-5%
Commercially washed & packagedcilantro8 days
Visual Quality
Green color
% Decay
Aroma
19
Color Score 5 4 3 2 1
L* 49.5 52.4 62.2 68.1 71.7
Chroma 23.9 28.2 41.5 44.4 46.2
Hue 125.5 125.1 118.3 111.1 108.1
Chlorophyll* 1.77 1.61 0.85 0.60 0.40
Carotenoids* 0.28 0.25 0.17 0.12 0.06
CILANTRO AND ITALIAN PARSLEY LEAVES
Color scores, color values and pigment concentrations
5
4
3
2
1
*mg/g FW
5
4
3
2
1
Color Score 5 4 3 2 1
L* 42.4 55.3 62.5 64.0 65.5
Chroma 15.9 30.9 35.9 42.7 43.2
Hue 133.4 120.7 117.7 116.8 109.9
Chlorophyll* 1.79 1.20 0.68 0.49 0.25
Carotenoids* 0.22 0.19 0.15 0.14 0.13
Detrimental ethylene effectsDetrimental ethylene effectsYellowingYellowingEpinastyEpinastyAbscission Abscission
20
BasilHighly susceptible to water lossVery chilling sensitive
Situation:Excellent quality cropHarvesting late in dayHigh temperatures, ~30°CLow RH, ~50%; Little protection from ambientLong delays to packinghouse
What can be done to improve this handling???
Greenhouse Fresh Herb ProductionColombia, Sept 2007Export to Canada
21
Days
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
C
hil
lin
g S
co
re0=
no
inju
ry; 8
=se
vere
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 0°C (32°F)
2.5°C (36°F) 5°C (41°F)
7.5°C (45°F)
10°C (50°F)
Basil loses moisture very rapidly
Basil is very chilling sensitive
Basil stored 2 days in plastic bags
0°C 5°C 10°C32°F 41°F 50°F
July 31, 2006