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The introduction of coastal The introduction of coastal infrastructure as a driver of infrastructure as a driver of change in marine change in marine environmentsenvironmentsBy Fabio Bulleri and Maura G. By Fabio Bulleri and Maura G. ChapmanChapman
Presented by:Presented by:XiaXiannbin Liu and Laura Fidalgobin Liu and Laura FidalgoCourse: Coastal Environment – CIAM Course: Coastal Environment – CIAM 61176117Department of Environmental ScienceDepartment of Environmental ScienceUniversidad de Puerto Rico, Rio PiedrasUniversidad de Puerto Rico, Rio PiedrasThursday, September 27, 2012Thursday, September 27, 2012
IntroductionIntroduction
ProblemProblem– Human settlement near shore Human settlement near shore
(75% by 2025)(75% by 2025)– Major tourism destinationMajor tourism destination– Impacted coastal landscapeImpacted coastal landscape– Alteration of intertidal zone Alteration of intertidal zone
and nearshore estuaries and and nearshore estuaries and marine waters habitatmarine waters habitat
Homogeneous topography Homogeneous topography affects species interactionsaffects species interactions
Unnatural Material affect Unnatural Material affect colonizationcolonization
FragmentationFragmentation
– Diffident ecological Diffident ecological impact studiesimpact studies
IntroductionIntroduction
ObjectivesObjectives– Summarize the Summarize the
ecological impact of ecological impact of urban infrastructure urban infrastructure on marine habitat on marine habitat know todayknow today
– Discuss the Discuss the implication of implication of alternative coastal alternative coastal defense optionsdefense options
– Identify the direction Identify the direction of future researchof future research
Urban CoastalUrban CoastalInfrastructureInfrastructure
BreakwatersBreakwaters– Reduce the Reduce the
intensity of waves intensity of waves in inshore watersin inshore waters
– Decreases Decreases nutrients input nutrients input and waste wash and waste wash off off
– Changes marine Changes marine life distributionlife distribution
Management Management Alternative Alternative IIncorporatingncorporating intointo shoreline shoreline
stabilization natural elements:stabilization natural elements:– Wetland VegetationWetland Vegetation– Seagrasses Seagrasses – Coarse Woody DebrisCoarse Woody Debris– Shellfish Reefs Shellfish Reefs – Coral ReefsCoral Reefs
Reduces ecological impacts without Reduces ecological impacts without impinging on their eimpinging on their effifficacy in halting cacy in halting erosion.erosion.
Urban CoastalUrban CoastalInfrastructureInfrastructure
GroynesGroynes– Reduce along-Reduce along-
shore transport of shore transport of sediments sediments
Management Management AlternativeAlternative
Small size groynes are less detrimental Small size groynes are less detrimental to shore sediment movement.to shore sediment movement.
Sand dunesSand dunes– Protect beaches from erosion and recruit Protect beaches from erosion and recruit
sand to eroded beaches.sand to eroded beaches.
Urban CoastalUrban CoastalInfrastructureInfrastructure
JettiesJetties– Reduce wave- Reduce wave-
and tide-and tide-generated generated currentscurrents
– Affects intertidal Affects intertidal organisms organisms biodiversity biodiversity
Management Management AlternativeAlternative BBetter collaborationetter collaboration amongamong engineers, engineers,
managers and ecologists to developmanagers and ecologists to develop improved ways of building improved ways of building infrastructure. infrastructure.
Provide habitatProvide habitat for more species for more species without compromising engineering without compromising engineering standards.standards.
Urban CoastalUrban CoastalInfrastructureInfrastructure
Seawalls BulkheadsSeawalls Bulkheads– Reduces the impact Reduces the impact
of waves on shoreof waves on shore– Does not support Does not support
natural communities natural communities assemblagesassemblages
– Increases steepness Increases steepness of shore of shore
– Deeper nearshore Deeper nearshore waterswaters
Management Management AlternativeAlternative
(a) Intertidal ‘rock-(a) Intertidal ‘rock-pools’ constructed in pools’ constructed in the vertical face of athe vertical face of a seawall in Sydney seawall in Sydney Harbour (Australia).Harbour (Australia).
Mitigates eMitigates effffects of ects of loss or degradation ofloss or degradation of rocky platforms on rocky platforms on intertidal biodiversity. intertidal biodiversity.
(b) Rock-pool(b) Rock-pool retaining water retaining water during low tide.during low tide.
Urban CoastalUrban CoastalInfrastructureInfrastructure
PilingsPilings– Sustain Sustain
infrastructure, infrastructure, such as bridges, such as bridges, piers, dockspiers, docks
– Shading and Shading and seafloor proximity seafloor proximity affects affects communities communities assemblages assemblages (Glasby, 1999)(Glasby, 1999)
Management Management AlternativeAlternative Height, orientation, and width of Height, orientation, and width of
docks, piers, and bridges may reduce docks, piers, and bridges may reduce impact to vegetation productivity impact to vegetation productivity ((Shaefer, D. and J. Lundin, 1999).
Urban CoastalUrban CoastalInfrastructureInfrastructure
Floating docksFloating docks– Creates boating Creates boating
facilitiesfacilities– Shading Shading
consequences:consequences: Decrease benthic Decrease benthic
productivityproductivity Decrease Decrease
carbon/nitrogen carbon/nitrogen contentcontent
Changes in physical Changes in physical characteristics in characteristics in sediment sediment underneathunderneath
– Affects Epibiota Affects Epibiota StructureStructure
Urban CoastalUrban CoastalInfrastructureInfrastructure
Ropes-poles/Ropes-poles/cages-netscages-nets– Constituents of Constituents of
aquaculture aquaculture facilitiesfacilities
– Marine water Marine water pollutionpollution
Management Management AlternativeAlternative Onshore fish farms are the most Onshore fish farms are the most
sustainable types of aquaculture.sustainable types of aquaculture.– the self-contained systems do not pollute the the self-contained systems do not pollute the
marine environment. marine environment.
Future directions for Future directions for researchresearch How fundamental ecological How fundamental ecological
processes are affectedprocesses are affected Ecological interaction on artificial Ecological interaction on artificial
structuresstructures Ecological engineeringEcological engineering
Concluding remarksConcluding remarks
Urban marine novel ecosystem Urban marine novel ecosystem need a closer understandingneed a closer understanding– Sustaining biodiversitySustaining biodiversity– Successful conservation and Successful conservation and
managementmanagement– Mitigate human coastal Mitigate human coastal
development and climate change development and climate change effects effects
Discussion Discussion
ReferenceReference
Curran, C. and D. Hoskins. 2006. Assessing the Curran, C. and D. Hoskins. 2006. Assessing the Impacts of Floating Docks on Bottom Character Impacts of Floating Docks on Bottom Character and Benthic Productivity in Coastal Georgia.and Benthic Productivity in Coastal Georgia.
Kunkel, C. M., R. W. Hallberg, and M. Oppenheimer. 2006. Coral reefs reduce tsunami impact in model simulations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L23612, doi:10.1029/2006GL027892.
The University of Sidney wed site: http://sydney.edu.au/science/bio/eicc/publications/journal_articles/index.shtml
Shaefer, D. and J. Lundin. 1999. Design and Construction of Docks to Minimize Seagrass Impacts. US Army Corps of Engineers WRP Technical Note VN–RS–3.1 June 1999.