Post on 02-Oct-2020
Brazilian development towards forest
degradation national definition and
MRV system
Gabriel Lui (MMA - Ministry of Environment)
Dalton M. Valeriano (INPE)
BMZ-DLR International Conference on MRV of REDD Bonn, DE, September 21-23, 2015
Challenge brought by REDD+ paradigm: To go beyond deforestation monitoring
Present issue: How to improve Brazilian
forest monitoring system to include forest
degradation?
Deforestation pathways
Slash and burn Progressive forest degradation
Fire is part of the process
Deforestation by slash and burn process
Fire at the end of dry season
Deforestation at beginning of dry season
Slash and burn – final stage
)
T2 – Loss of understorey
Deforestation by progressive
degradation T1 – Selective logging
T3 – Intermediate stage T4 – Final stage ≈ clear cut
Floresta
tim
e
DETER - MODIS Early warning system
to aid IBAMA*
*MMA´s institution for
environmental law
enforcement
PRODES -Landsat Official deforestation
area inventory (yearly)
INPE’s operational
deforestation
monitoring
programs
PRODES information content:
PRODES Legend:
Forest
Deforestation (yr)
Non-Forest Veg.
Water
_______________
No information
about the state of
the forest cover
_______________
Beyond Deforestation Monitoring
Deforestation pathways presently registered:
Direct clear cut (PRODES)
Synergy of logging and fire (PRODES at final stage)
Further reasons to address forest degradation:
Improve deforestation control
Fulfill information gap in INPE’s Forest Monitoring
Addressing demands for REDD+ policies
Institutional issues
2006 – Brazilian Forest Service (BFS) is created
under the Public Forest Law.
BFS request INPE developments to monitor past
logging activities in planned logging concession
areas and present activity in public forests
IBAMA claimed interest in the same products for
privately owned forests
Technical options
From the literature:
Basic Image processing ,NDVI ,PCA, TC, LMM,
Change Detection Techniques (CVA, attribute
rotation, subtraction, etc), CLAS, NDFI
Pragmatic requirements:
Simplicity
In house capability
Interoperability
Technical Reasoning
Full capability in LMM with three endmembers, Soil,
Vegetation and Shadow
This approach can be applied in any available multispectral
data for it only requires visible and NIR spectral bands.
Logging activity evidenced by waiting sites with reduced
Vegetation Fraction and increased Soil Fraction
In-house, interoperable and simple solution:
Soil/Vegetation fractions image ratioing to enhance
contrast between forest and active waiting site
Concept test - worst case scenario:
CCD/CBERS-2 (G, R, NIR)
161-104
06/10
/2004
2 3 4
CCD/CBERS-2 Ratio Soil/Vegetation
161-104
01/08/2004
161-104
06/10/2004
CCD/CBERS-2 Ratio Soil/Vegetation
161-104
08/01/2004
CCD/CBERS-2 Ratio Soil/Vegetation
170-110
07/05/2004
CCD/CBERS-2 Ratio Soil/Vegetation
170-110
09/21/2004
DETEX Razão de frações de Solo e Vegetação
170-110
10/17/2004
Selective Logging and Degradation
Adding Dilation filtring (Sobel) and color compositing
(Landsat-5)
Adding Dilation filtring (Sobel) and color compositing
(CCD/CBERS-2)
Presentation of thre methodology
to BFS and IBAMA
Logging activities are mappable
Need to parameterize level of impact
Possibility of addressing needs for REDD+
policies
Do we have a
mean to map
and quantify
forest
degradation?
Response from SFB and EMBRAPA
Selective logging is Forest
Management
and
Response from SFB and EMBRAPA
Selective logging is Forest
Management
and
Forest Management
Is Not
De-gra-da-tion
How about
these fire
scars?
DEGRAD DETEX
Example of DETEX map
Example of Degrad-2013 image from 2012
Example of Degrad-2013 image from 2013
Floresta PRODES
DEGRAD
DETEX
DEGRAD series started in 2007, public available
DETEX series runs operationally since 2010
Availability restricted to IBAMA and SFB
2007 – Red
2008 - Green
PRODES 2004
DEGRAD
First analysis of DEGRAD:
As a fire events intensity is weather dependent
What next?
Qualification of DEGRAD and DETEX products
into impact classes
Development of baselines and monitoring system
Pursue national definition for Forest Degradation:
Science Sector
Forestry Sector
REDD+ Negociators (Min. Environm. and Foreign Rel.)
With correspondance with international guidelines
IPCCC, GOFC-GOLD, GEO-GFOI
GOFC-GOLD Forest Degradation definition
Considers Forest Degradation as the following
activities
Selective logging
Fire
Firewood gathering and herbivory
GFOI - Forest Degradation definition
“For reporting on REDD+, carbon stock is the
value under consideration, so degradation is
interpreted here as the processes leading to
long-term loss of carbon without land-use
change, otherwise there would be deforestation”
“Degradation, as interpreted here, occurs in
areas where long-run average carbon stock is
decreasing, even if temporary increases of
carbon stock occur.”
GFOI - Forest Degradation definition
Degradation is typified by a change in forest
structure and species composition may result in:
Sustained loss of C from biomass and dead organic
matter (DOM) pools;
Sustained loss of soil C, especially from peat forests
following drainage, fire or exposure after a reduction
of canopy density;
Sustained increase in emissions of non-CO2 GHGs,
especially from fire.
Further issues to attain full MRV capability
Deforestation and forest degradation monitoring
methodology settled for Tropical and Sub-tropical
Forest domains – Amazonian and Atlantic Forests
Need to develop methodologies for open
vegetation domains:
Cerrado and Pantanal
Forest-Savanna-Grassland complex
Caatinga
Dry forest-Scrub complex
Pampa
Forest-Grassland complex
Further issues to attain full MRV capability
Need to improve spatial distribution of ecosystem
biomass and carbon content in all five
compartments:
Aboveground and belowground biomass, litter, coarse
debris and soil
Need to develop methodologies to assess and
monitor emission factor for forest degradation
Need to develop methodologies to assess and
monitor carbon uptake by forest regeneration (*)
IN BRAZIL...
First draft:
“Process of alteration in the structure
and/or forest composition, resulting from
human action, which takes to continuous
reduction of its capacity to provide goods
and ecosystems services”
Working group on REDD+ created in 2011
Meeting about Forest Degradation in the
Amazon, May 2015 (20 experts, 2 days)
About degradation’s definition:
- It must be wide and to possibilitate
operational aplications
- It must be consistent with other national and
international reports (FRA, Inventory, etc.)
About the activities:
- Area with authorized forest management will
not be treated as degradation
- Fire and non-authorized logging are the main
vectors of forest degradation
THE AMAZON CHALLENGE
Soares-Filho et al., Nature 440,
520-523 (23 March 2006)
“By 2050, current trends in
agricultural expansion will
eliminate a total of 40% of
Amazon forests…”
DEFORESTATION IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON
Visão geral (dados, mapas etc.)
REDD+ no Brasil
Fundo Amazônia
ENREDD
DEFORESTATION IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON
How did we change the trend?
1. High level political commitement (Interministerial working group,
presidential decree, PPCDAm, National Policy on Climate Change,
Forest Code)
2. Innovative and transparent monitoring systems (PRODES,
DETER, DETEX, DEGRAD, Radar etc.)
3. Integrated actions in monitoring and controlling
deforestation (joint operations b/ environmental agencies and
federal police)
4. Subnational governments, private sector and civil society
engagement (regional plans to reduce deforestation, soy
moratorium)
5. Innovative financial mechanisms (Amazon Fund, payments
based in results)
CURRENT CHALLENGES Public lands: Consolidation of Protected Areas
Total area: 260 mi ha
ARPA: 60 mi ha
Investments: US$ 400 mi (25% 2003-2010, 25% 2010-2017, 50% 2014-2039)
CURRENT CHALLENGES Private lands: Implementation of the New Forest Code
Total area: 400 mi ha
CAR system: 234 mi
ha (59% by Aug/2015)
Forested area: 35%
Investments:
- RapidEye Imagery:
US$ 30 mi (national
cover 2011, 2012 and
2013)
- Systems development:
US$ 10 mi
- State level
implementation: US$
100 mi (Amazon Fund
projects)
REDD+ NATIONAL STRATEGY (ENREDD)
MAIN OBJECTIVE
To contribute to climate change mitigation through
elimination of illegal deforestation, recovering of forest
ecosystems and development of a low carbon sustainable
forest economy, generating social, economic and
environmental benefits
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
• To improve moniitoring and impact analysis of public
policies to reach REDD+ results
• To promote alignment among climate change policies in
the federal, state and municipal level
• To mainstream international fund raising
REDD+ NATIONAL STRATEGY (ENREDD)
20142010
Grupos de
Trabalho sobre
Financiamento,
Repartição de
Benefícios e
Arranjos
Institucionais
Criado o
site
REDD+
Brasil
2011
Criação
do GT
REDD+
Oficina
sobre
salvaguardas
GT REDD+
entrega o
texto ao GEx
Revisão do
texto com
base no
Marco de
Varsóvia
para REDD+
20132012
Revisão do
texto pelo
GEx
Formulação da Estratégia Nacional de REDD+ pelo GT REDD+
Reuniões com a
sociedade civil
Oficina
sobre
componente
indígena
Reuniões bilaterais
com os ministérios
Força Tarefa do Gov.
Federal com os
Estados Amazônicos
Reuniões com
o setor privado
Painel Técnico
sobre Sistema
de Informações
sobre
Salvaguardas
TIMELINE
2015: Political negotiations with ministries to approve the presidential decree
REDD+ NATIONAL STRATEGY (ENREDD)
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Ca
pta
çã
o e
alo
ca
çã
o d
e
rec
urs
os
Submissão
de níveis de
referência à
UNFCCC
Elaboração de
anexo técnico
sobre REDD+
Submissão
de anexo
técnico
sobre
REDD+
Análise do anexo
técnico sobre
REDD+
Submissão
de anexo
técnico
sobre
REDD+
Análise do
anexo
técnico
sobre
REDD+
Implementação de
Instrumentos Econômicos
MR
V
Monitoramento do desmatamento
e da degradação na Amazônia e
do desmatamento no Cerrado
Desenvolvimento de ferramentas de monitoramento
para demais biomas e atividades REDD+
Co
ord
en
aç
ão
de
po
líti
ca
s p
úb
lic
as
2014
Gestão da alocação de recursos e distribuição de benefícios
Desenvolvimento do
Sistema de Informação
sobre Salvaguardas
Sistema de Informação sobre
Salvaguardas em operação
2015
Análise do anexo
técnico sobre
REDD+
Monitoramento da
degradação por
fogo
Desenvolvimento da Matriz de
Impacto de Carbono
Definição de critérios para
captação e alocação de
recursos
SCHEDULE
REDD+ NATIONAL STRATEGY (ENREDD)
Forest Reference
Emission Level
(FREL) submitted
to UNFCCC in
June 2014
REDD+ NATIONAL STRATEGY (ENREDD)
NEXT STEPS
• Approval of ENREDD and establishment of governance
structure
• Development of a strategy to transition from the current
model of REDD+ implementation to the new model (MRV
of results, governance, payments for results, safeguards,
south-south cooperation)
• Development of Safeguards Information System (SIS
REDD+)
• Development of Modular System for Monitoring Emission
Reduction Actions (SMMARE) for the Amazon
• Definition of guidelines to fund raising quotas to
subnational levels and criteria to resource allocation
DEGRADATION X FOREST MANAGEMENT
Forest concessions
- National Law (Lei nº 11.284/2006)
- 6 National Forests
- 8 Companies
- 842.000 ha
Potential
- 65 National Forests
- 164 mi ha
DEGRADATION X FOREST MANAGEMENT
Rural Environmental Registry
- National Law – Forest Code (Lei nº 12.651/2012)
- Legal Reserve (20% to 80% of each rural property that
need to keep natural vegetation, but can be managed)
Estimate:
60 to 80 million ha
Thank you
Dalton Valeriano
(dalton.valeriano@inpe.br)
Gabriel Lui
(gabriel.lui@mma.gov.br)