Post on 12-Jan-2017
Malaysian Journal of Science 28 (4): 465-480 (2009)
465
Diversity of Birds In Kenaboi Forest Reserve, Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan,
Malaysia
Ramli R.*, Ya’cob Z. and Hashim R.
Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia. *rosliramli@um.edu.my (Corresponding author)
ABSTRACT Estimating abundance and documenting species richness are two main components in
biodiversity study of tropical rainforest. The aim of this study was to estimate abundance and document
species richness of birds inhabiting Kenaboi Forest, an area that had been extensively logged before it
was gazetted as a forest reserve some twenty years ago. A total of sixteen visits were conducted to the
area from May 2006 to December 2007. Mist-netting and direct observation techniques were used in
documenting bird diversity. A total of 1647 birds, belonging to 152 species were recorded. Of this, 1165
birds (114 species) were captured while 482 individuals (112 species) were observed. Some canopy
specialists were captured by mist nets indicating that the birds foraged at understory area, perhaps due to
lack of food resources at higher level. On the other hand, the presence of 31 nearly threatened species and
two vulnerable species (Brown-chested Jungle Flycatcher, Rhinomyias brunneata and Blue-banded
Kingfisher, Alcedo euryzona) shows that the reserve has sufficient resources for critical species to survive
even after severe disturbance. The study revealed that if secondary forests were left untouched for
sufficient period to allow regeneration, they will be able to play an important role in forest bird
conservation.
ABSTRAK Penganggaran kelimpahan dan perekodan kekayaan spesies merupakan dua komponen
utama di dalam kajian biodiversiti hutan hujan tropika. Tujuan utama kajian ini adalah untuk
menganggarkan kelimpahan dan merekodkan kekayaan spesies burung yang mendiami hutan Kenaboi,
satu kawasan yang telah dibalak secara menyeluruh sebelum ianya diwartakan sebagai hutan simpan lebih
kurang dua puluh tahun lalu. Sebanyak enam belas lawatan telah dijalankan ke kawasan kajian dari Mei
2006 hingga Disember 2007. Kaedah pemerangkapan menggunakan jaring kabus dan pemerhatian
langsung telah digunakan bagi merekodkan kepelbagaian burung. Sebanyak 1647 ekor burung, tergolong
dalam 152 spesies telah direkodkan dari kawasan kajian. Daripada jumlah ini, 1165 ekor burung (114
spesies) telah berjaya ditangkap manakala 482 ekor burung telah diperhatikan. Beberapa spesies burung
kanopi telah diperangkap oleh jaring kabus menunjukkan burung ini mencari makanan di kawasan
understori, mungkin disebabkan oleh kekurangan sumber makanan di paras tinggi. Sebaliknya, kehadiran
31 spesies hampir terancam dan dua spesies terdedah kepada bahaya dan memerlukan perlindungan
(Sambar Hutan, Rhinomyias brunneata dan Pekaka Bukit, Alcedo euryzona) di kawasan kajian
menunjukkan walaupun setelah mengalami gangguan hutan simpan ini masih mempunyai sumber
mencukupi bagi membolehkan spesies kritikal meneruskan hidup. Kajian membuktikan sekiranya hutan
sekunder dibiarkan tanpa gangguan untuk tempoh mencukupi bagi membenarkan proses regenerasi
berlaku, ia akan berupaya memainkan peranan penting di dalam pemuliharaan spesies burung hutan.
(resources availability, understory birds, mist-netting, secondary forests, protected areas)
INTRODUCTION
Most ecologists recognize two main aspects that
must be considered in quantifying biodiversity.
One is species richness, which is the number of
species in a community. The other is relative
abundance or equitability, which is the evenness
with which the individuals are spread out among
the species in a community. Species richness is not
only the simplest way in describing community or
regional diversity but also forms the basis of many
ecological models of community structure [1].
Malaysian Journal of Science 28 (4): 465-480 (2009)
466
Thus, although it is not fully comprehensive, bird
diversity of a particular area can be measured by
estimating its species richness and relative
abundance [1]. Although measuring bird diversity
in tropical rainforest is very challenging and
requires a variety of approaches [2], it is crucial to
perform this task since tropical forests biodiversity
has been lost at alarming rate due to forest
destruction [3, 4]. Furthermore, documenting and
monitoring biodiversity changes are the only way
to understand the effects of biodiversity losses on
ecosystem function [5].
Most of the remaining forests in Malaysia have
been gazetted either as forest reserves or national
parks and usually are left untouched. Some of
these areas that are closely located are also
connected by established forest corridors to
increase mobility of forests animals. National
parks were established as a balanced system to
maintain all wildlife in their natural environments
and relations that will serve scientific, recreational,
and aesthetic purposes [6]. Therefore, national
parks (either at federal or state levels) enjoy better
protection since no development can take place.
However, even permanent forest reserves can be
degazetted and exploited in the future. Therefore,
documenting biodiversity of forest reserves is a
paramount effort, not only for documentation
purpose but also for determining the extent in
which biodiversity will be affected by forest
disturbance if development do take place in the
future. In addition, documenting biodiversity of
protected areas such as forest reserves and national
parks should be given high priority since these
areas were established mainly for conserving
biodiversity and are better regulated than other
non-protected areas [7, 8]. Thus, inadequate
information regarding biodiversity of forest
reserves will hinder the process of understanding
the roles and function of protected areas and its
contribution towards maintaining biodiversity [9].
Many studies have been carried out to document
Malaysia’s bird species richness and abundance
either in primary forests [e.g. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
15], disturbed or secondary forests [e.g. 16, 17, 18,
19, 20, 21], or in both types of forest to compare
bird diversity [e.g. 22, 23, 24]. More studies were
focussing on primary forest or protected areas as
they are more attractive to conservationist. Perhaps
researchers were encouraged by the fact that at
least 70% of resident bird species in this region are
partly or exclusively dependent upon the primary
forest [25]. Furthermore, most of human-modified
areas in the tropics have largely been considered
hostile to biodiversity. Consequently, only a few
conservation initiatives have focus on secondary
forests, agro-forestry, or other human-modified
areas. On the contrary, recent finding suggests that
more investigation needs to be conducted beyond
protected area or primary forest to better preserve
biodiversity [26]. This is because 90% of the
world’s tropical forests exist outside of protected
areas and 60% of the world’s remaining tropical
forests are either degraded or secondary forests
[27]. Previous report discovered that 42 tropical
countries have higher coverage of secondary forest
or degraded habitat [28], suggesting that
biodiversity of these countries can only be
significantly conserved if more consideration were
given to non primary forests in conservation
programme.
Some secondary forests were also able to support a
large fraction of a region’s native bird species (due
to the complexity of resources available in that
forest fragments) but it would not be able to
support large bird species (such as hornbills) that
require a lot of resources. Resources such as food,
suitable habitat and shelter, and minimum
competition and predation influence the presence
of birds in a particular area. These resources are
the basic need for birds to survive and as a result
birds always associated with the area that has the
resources. Previous study in Pasoh Forest Reserve
discovered that less species and abundance were
recorded in disturbed forest than primary forest
[22]. This is because primary forest has plentiful
resources to support more birds. Increase in fig-
fruit biomass had caused population size of Red-
knobbed Hornbill (Aceros cassidix) in Indonesia to
increase [29], while variations in food distribution
and microclimate have influenced bird ecology in
Kenya [30]. In conclusion, food supply, seasonal
breeding, migratory movements and habitat shifts
are primary factors in determining bird’s
population size in particular area.
Therefore, it is necessary to gather complete
information regarding biodiversity of any forest
reserves, preferably since its inception until recent.
The data need to be regularly updated to be used in
explaining the effect of deforestation (either
directly, i.e. how many species were lost
immediately after habitat destruction or indirectly,
Malaysian Journal of Science 28 (4): 465-480 (2009)
467
i.e. how many species eventually disappeared after
a given period) and the success of reforestation
(i.e. how many species were established from
reserve gazetted date until fully grown forest was
achieved). For this purpose, species richness and
abundance of birds inhabiting Kenaboi forest
reserve were estimated. The aim of this study is to
investigate the roles of logged forest reserve in
conserving forest birds. Later, the relationship
between bird diversity and resources availability
were assessed based on the presence of particular
bird species and resources in the study area. This
will provide appropriate information to measure
recovery rate of reserve biodiversity and permit
associating between bird diversity and resources
availability. Ultimately, the effectiveness of forest
reserve in conserving biodiversity can be estimated
using birds as flagship species. In making
assessment, available data on bird diversity from
other forest reserves throughout Peninsular
Malaysia will also be used for comparison purpose.
STUDY AREA
Kenaboi Forest Reserve is situated in the main
range of Peninsular Malaysia. It consists of
lowland and hill dipterocarp forests. This
permanent forest reserve is located in the district of
Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan, approximately 85
kilometers from Kuala Lumpur. The highest peak
in Negeri Sembilan, Gunung Besar Hantu which
stood at 1462 meters is situated in this forest
reserve. Three main rivers i.e. Kenaboi, Semong,
and Kering and its tributaries flow throughout the
reserve. The highest waterfall in Negeri Sembilan
known as Lata Kijang (115 meters high) is also
located within this forest reserve. In addition, the
reserve also has few caves and other natural
wonders that always attract local and international
tourists. This had prompted the state government to
declare an area of 9420 hectares of the Kenaboi
forest reserve as State Jungle Park (Taman
Belantara Negeri) in October 2008. On top of
nurturing nature awareness among local
community, the declaration also intend to promote
recreational, adventure, and tourism activities into
the reserve.
Almost all lowland forests within the reserve were
subjected to logging process approximately thirty
years ago. However few forest patches were left
untouched possibly due to low trees value or
difficulty in accessibility. These forest fragments
were resemblance of the original forest and
become a hotspot for birds. In addition to logging
activity, encroachment by local community and
indigenous people that are evidence in some parts
of the reserve was also contributes to forest
degradation. In some areas, forest was severely
destructed that all big trees (even smaller than 30
cm dbh) were removed, caused failure in forest
regeneration and the areas were occupied by
shrubs or bamboo clumps or other pioneer species
such as Macaranga sp. This creates a variety of
habitats within the forest reserve ranging from an
open areas, shrubs, bamboo clumps, secondary
forest, and fragment of primary forest. Adjacent to
this forest reserve, there are many agricultural
areas that consist mainly of rubber estates, oil palm
plantations, orchards, vegetable farms, and cash
crops such as banana and tapioca.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of sixteen visits (consist of three days each)
was conducted to Kenaboi Forest Reserve from
May 2006 until December 2007. Two standard
methods i.e. direct observation using 8 X 40
binoculars and mist netting were used to document
bird species richness and abundance. A total of
twenty mist nets (five shelves nets with dimension
of 12 meters long, 2.5 meters high and 36mm2
mesh) were setup during each visit. The nets were
operated for three days from 0800 hours until 1800
hours depending on weather condition (the nets
were closed in the events of heavy precipitation or
strong wind). All nets were inspected hourly to
extract trapped birds which were identified up to
species level. Standard field guides such as Strange
& Jeyarajasingam [31], Lekagul & Round [32] and
Robson [33] were used to resolve any ambiguity
related to bird identification. For each bird, its
morphological characters (such as body, wing, tail
and tarsus length, culmen and gape length/width,
and keel) were measured following criteria
proposed by McCracken et al. [34], its weight was
recorded by digital balance, and aluminium ring
with serial number was applied to the bird’s tarsus
for future identification.
In addition to mist netting, direct observation using
binoculars was conducted in early morning (from
0800 to 1000 hours) or late afternoon (from 1600
to 1800 hours). Birds are active during this period,
allowing better sighting for easier identification
and data collection. Available trails within the
Malaysian Journal of Science 28 (4): 465-480 (2009)
468
reserve (usually skid trails or old logging road)
were used as transect for bird observation.
Whenever the bird was sighted, its species, total
number, and behaviour were recorded for future
analysis. To avoid duplication, observation and
mist-netting were never repeated at the same study
site. Captured birds can be easily recognised as
recapture by the presence of aluminium rings while
for directly observed birds, individuals that fly
from backward direction were excluded from the
record during each sighting.
RESULTS
In this study, 1647 birds belonging to 152 species
and 39 families were recorded (Table 1). This
includes five species that are recorded for the first
time in Peninsular Malaysia. These new records
are Slaty-backed Flycatcher (Ficedula hodgsonii),
Ultramarine Flycatcher (Ficedula superciliaris),
White-headed Bulbul (Hypsipetes thompsoni),
Vivid Niltava (Niltava vivida), and Grey-eyed
Bulbul (Iole propinqua). Since each species
(except Grey-eyed Bulbul) were represented by
only a single bird, further analysis on
morphological characteristics and species
description need to be carried out before any
confirmation can be made. This is necessary to rule
out possibility of misidentification.
The majority of birds (70% or 1165 individuals
belong to 114 species and 27 families) were
captured by mist nests compared to 482 individuals
(belong to 112 species and 33 families) that were
recorded by direct observation technique.
Approximately half of the total recorded species
(74 species or 48.7%) were successfully detected
by both techniques while the remaining species
were recorded only by either approach. A total of
38 species were detected by direct observation
only (14 species were observed only once) while
40 species were recorded by mist-nets only (13
species were represented by only a single capture).
Overall result seemingly suggests that mist netting
technique was more efficient in recording forest
birds than direct observation. However further
analysis discovers that study effort was not fairly
distributed between two approaches. Mist-netting
was conducted for much longer period (860 netting
hours) compare to direct observation (96
observation hours). Therefore, direct observation is
more effective in sampling forest birds when
success rate (i.e. number of birds recorded per
hourly effort) and study effort were taken into
consideration. The overall success rate for direct
observation technique was 5.02 compare to mist-
netting success rate which stood at 1.35.
Although direct observation enjoy better success
rate than mist-netting technique, each method had
advantage and disadvantage in documenting bird
diversity. Some birds were successfully captured
by mist-nets while others can only be detected by
direct observation technique. For example, four
species were successfully captured in substantial
number (between 21 to 43 birds) by mist nets but
not even a single bird was detected by direct
observation technique. These species are Grey-
throated Babbler (Stachyris nigriceps), Striped Tit-
Babbler (Macronous gularis), Hairy-backed
Bulbul (Tricholestes criniger), and Chestnut-
winged Babbler (Stachyris erythroptera). On the
other hand, three species were significantly
observed (between 10 to 21 individuals) but were
never captured in the nets. These are Whiskered
Treeswift (Hemicprone comate), House Crow
(Corvus splendens), and Common Myna
(Acridotheres tristis).
Most of the species recorded in this study were
resident (125 species represented by 1496 birds),
12 species were migrants (represented by 49 birds),
9 species (represented by 71 birds) have both
resident and migratory population, and a single
species (House Crow) is classified as introduced
species (Figure 1). In term of composition, most
families were either represented by only by a
single species (18 families) or between two to nine
species (18 families). However, three families i.e.
Muscicapidae (Flaycatchers), Timaliidae
(Babbler), and Pycnonotidae (Bulbuls) were well
represented by either 16 or 17 species. Comparing
result of this study with Peninsular Malaysia
species diversity discover that forest bird’s families
are satisfactorily represented by this forest reserve.
Most of the forest’s bird families were represented
by between 40% to 100% of its species. This
adequate representation is assisted by the fact that
some families such as Coracidae (Dollarbirds),
Irenidae (Bluebirds), Hemiprocnidae (Treeswifts),
Pardalotidae (Gerygones), Paridae (Tits),
Turnicidae (Buttonquails), and Zosteropidae
(White-eyes) have a poor species representation in
Peninsular Malaysia. Since these families only
Malaysian Journal of Science 28 (4): 465-480 (2009)
469
Figure 1. Composition of birds community inhabiting Kenaboi Forest Reserve according to migration
status
Figure 2. Comparison between species composition of each family that were recorded in Kenaboi Forest
Reserve with Peninsular Malaysia.
Resident;
85%
Migratory;
8%
Resident &
Migratory;
6%
Introduced;
1%
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Acc
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riid
ae
Alc
edin
idae
Apo
did
ae
Bu
cero
tidae
Cam
pep
hag
idae
Cap
rim
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idae
Ch
loro
pse
idae
Co
lum
bid
ae
Co
raci
idae
Co
rvid
ae
Cu
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dae
Dic
aeid
ae
Dic
ruri
dae
Est
rild
idae
Eury
laim
idae
Hem
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ae
Iren
idae
Lan
iidae
Meg
alai
mid
ae
Mer
op
idae
Mo
nar
chid
ae
Mu
scic
apid
ae
Nec
tari
nii
dae
Ori
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dae
Par
dal
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dae
Par
idae
Phas
ianid
ae
Pic
idae
Pit
tid
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Pycn
onoti
dae
Rh
ipid
uri
dae
Str
igid
ae
Stu
rnid
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Sylv
iid
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Tim
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Tro
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Turd
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Turn
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Zost
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Nu
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Family
This study Peninsular Malaysia
Malaysian Journal of Science 28 (4): 465-480 (2009)
470
Table 1. List of Birds Recorded from Kenaboi Forest Reserve, Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan (Legend: Status; R = resident, M = Migrant, I = Introduced. Protection; TP = Totally Protected, NP = Not Protected,
P(I) & P(II) = partially protected; IUCN Status; NT = Nearly Threatened, VU = Vulnerable; Distribution Status; C =
Common, UC = Uncommon, A = Abundant, RA = Rare)
No. Species Common Name Status Protection IUCN Distribution
1 Spizaetus alboniger Blyth Hawk Eagle R TP ~ C
2 Lacedo pulchella Banded Kingfisher R TP ~ UC
3 Halcyon capensis Stork-billed Kingfisher R TP ~ C 4 Halcyon smyrnensis White-throated Kingfisher R TP ~ C
5 Actenoides concretus Rufous collared Kingfisher R TP NT UC
6 Alcedo euryzona Blue-banded Kingfisher R TP VU UC 7 Ceyx erithacus Oriental-dwarf Kingfisher R/M TP ~ C
8 Halcyon coromanda Ruddy Kingfisher R/M TP ~ UC
9 Collocalia esculenta Glossy Swiftlet R TP ~ C
10 Apus affinis House Swift R TP ~ C
11 Anthracoceros albirostris Oriental Pied Hornbill R TP ~ C
12 Berenicornis comatus White-crowned Hornbill R TP NT UC 13 Pericrocotus igneus Fiery Minivet R TP NT UC
14 Eurostopodus temminckii Malaysian Eared-Nightjar R TP ~ C
15 Chloropsis cochinchinensis Blue-winged Leafbird R TP ~ C 16 Chloropsis cyanopogon Lesser Green Leafbird R TP NT C
17 Chalcophaps indica Green-winged Pigeon R P(I) ~ C
18 Eurystomus orientalis Dollarbird R,M TP ~ C 19 Corvus splendens House Crow I NP ~ A
20 Corvus macrohynchus Large-billed Crow R NP ~ C 21 Platysmurus leucopterus Black Magpie R TP NT C
22 Platylophus galericulatus Crested Jay R TP NT UC
23 Phaenicophaeus curvirostris Chestnut-breasted Malkoha R NP ~ C 24 Cacomantis sonneratii Banded-Bay Cuckoo R TP ~ C
25 Centropus sinensis Greater Coucal R TP ~ C
26 Phaenicophaeus chlorophaeus Raffles’s Malkoha R TP ~ C 27 Cacomantis sepulcralis Rusty-breasted Cuckoo R TP ~ C
28 Phaenicophaeus diardii Black-bellied Malkoha R TP NT UC
29 Phaenicophaeus sumatranus Chestnut-bellied Malkoha R TP NT C
30 Surniculus lugubris Drongo Cuckoo R/M TP ~ C
31 Hierococcyx sparveriodes Large-hawk Cuckoo R/M TP ~ C
32 Prionochilus percussus Crimson breasted Flowerpecker R TP ~ C 33 Dicaeum trigonostigma Orange-bellied Flowerpecker R TP ~ C
34 Dicaeum cruentatum Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker R TP ~ C
35 Dicaeum agile Thick-billed Flowerpecker R TP ~ RA 36 Prionochilus maculatus Yellow-breasted Flowerpecker R TP ~ UC
37 Dicrurus annectans Crow-billed Drongo M TP ~ UC
38 Dicrurus paradiseus Greater Racket-Tailed Drongo R TP ~ C 39 Dicrurus remifer Lesser Racquet-tailed Drongo R TP ~ C
40 Lonchura malacca Black-Headed Munia R NP ~ C
41 Lonchura leucogastra White-bellied Munia R NP ~ UC 42 Lonchura striata White-rumped Munia R NP ~ UC
43 Erythrura prasina Pin-tailed Parrotfinch R TP ~ UC
44 Eurylaimus javanicus Banded Broadbill R TP ~ C 45 Serilophus lunatus Silver-breasted Broadbill R TP ~ C
46 Eurylaimus ochramalus Black and Yellow Broadbill R TP NT C
47 Calyptomena viridis Green Broadbill R TP NT C 48 Hemicprone comata Whiskered Treeswift R TP ~ C
49 Irena peulla Asian-Fairy Bluebird R TP ~ C
50 Lanius tigrinus Tiger Shrike M TP ~ C 51 Megalaima mystacophanos Red-throated Barbet R TP NT C
52 Nyctyornis amictus Red-bearded Bee-eater R TP ~ C
53 Tersiphone atrocaudata Japanese Paradise Flycatcher M TP NT UC 54 Hypothymis azurea Black-naped Monarch R TP ~ C
55 Philentoma pyrhopterum Rufous-winged Philentoma R TP ~ UC
56 Tersiphone paradisi Asian-Paradise Flycatcher R/M TP ~ C 57 Muscicapa dauurica Asian Brown Flycatcher M TP ~ C
58 Cyanoptila cyanomelana Blue and White Flycatcher M TP ~ UC
59 Cyornis rubeculoides Blue-throated Flycatcher M TP ~ UC
Malaysian Journal of Science 28 (4): 465-480 (2009)
471
Table 1: ...cont.. No. Species Common Name Status Protection IUCN Distribution
60 Ficedula zanthopygia Yellow-rumped Flycatcher M TP ~ C 61 Rhinomyias brunneata Brown-chested Jungle Flycatcher M TP VU UC
62 Culicicapa ceylonensis Grey-headed Flycatcher R TP ~ UC
63 Cyornis unicolor Pale Blue Flycatcher R TP ~ UC 64 Ficedula hyperythra Snowy-browed Flycatcher R TP ~ C
65 Eumyias thalassina Verditer Flycatcher R TP ~ C
66 Rhinomyias umbratilis Grey-chested Jungle Flycatcher R TP NT UC 67 Ficedula dumetoria Rufous-chested Flycatcher R TP NT UC
68 Cyornis banyumas Hill-blue Flycatcher R/M TP ~ C
69 Cyornis tickelliae Tickle-blue Flycatcher R/M TP ~ C 70 Ficedula hodgsonii Slaty-backed Flycatcher - - ~ -
71 Ficedula superciliaris Ultramarine Flycatcher - - ~ -
72 Niltava vivida Vivid Niltava - - ~ - 73 Arachnothera modesta Grey-breasted Spiderhunter R TP ~ C
74 Arachnothera longirostra Little Spiderhunter R TP ~ C
75 Arachnothera robusta Long-billed Spiderhunter R TP ~ UC 76 Anthreptes simplex Plain Sunbird R TP ~ UC
77 Hypogramma hypogrammicum Purple-naped Sunbird R TP ~ UC
78 Anthreptes singalensis Ruby-cheeked Sunbird R TP ~ C 79 Aethopyga temminckii Scarlet Sunbird R TP ~ UC
80 Archnothera flavigaster Spectacled Spiderhunter R TP ~ UC
81 Arachnothera magna Streaked Spiderhunter R TP ~ C 82 Oriolus xanthonotus Dark-throated Oriole R TP NT UC
83 Gerygone sulphurea Golden-bellied Gerygone R TP ~ C
84 Melanochlora sultanea Sultan Tit R TP ~ C 85 Gallus gallus Red Junglefowl R P(I) ~ C
86 Gecinulus viridis Bamboo Woodpecker R TP ~ UC
87 Picus mentalis Chequer-throated Woodpecker R TP ~ C 88 Picus puniceus Crimson-winged Yellownape R TP ~ C
89 Blythipicus rubiginosus Maroon Woodpecker R TP ~ UC
90 Reinwardtipicus validus Orange-backed Woodpecker R TP ~ UC 91 Sasia abnormis Rufous Piculet R TP ~ UC
92 Celeus brachyurus Rufous Woodpecker R TP ~ C
93 Meiglyptes tukki Buff-necked Woodpecker R TP NT UC 94 Pitta sordida Hooded Pitta R/M TP ~ UC
95 Pycnonotus melanicterus Black-crested Bulbul R TP ~ C
96 Pycnonotus atriceps Black-headed Bulbul R TP ~ C 97 Pycnonotus simplex Cream-vented Bulbul R TP ~ C
98 Tricholestes criniger Hairy-backed Bulbul R TP ~ UC 99 Pycnonotus plumosus Olive-winged Bulbul R TP ~ C
100 Alophoixus ochraceus Orhraceous Bulbul R TP ~ C
101 Pycnonotus brunneus Red-eyed Bulbul R TP ~ C 102 Pycnonotus erythrophthalmos Spectacled Bulbul R TP ~ UC
103 Pycnonotus finlaysoni Stripe-throated Bulbul R TP ~ C
104 Alophoixus phaeocephalus Yellow-bellied Bulbul R TP ~ C 105 Iole olivacea Buff-vented Bulbul R NP NT C
106 Alophoixus finschii Finsch's Bulbul R TP NT UC
107 Pycnonotus cyaniventris Grey-bellied Bulbul R TP NT C 108 Pycnonotus squamatus Scaly-breasted Bulbul R TP NT UC
109 Ixos malaccensis Streaked Bulbul R TP NT UC
110 Iole propinqua Grey-eyed Bulbul - - ~ - 111 Hypsipetes thompsoni White-headed Bulbul - - ~ -
112 Rhipidura perlata Spotted Fantail R TP ~ UC
113 Otus rufescens Reddish Scoop Owl R TP NT UC 114 Acridotheres tristis Common Myna R NP ~ A
115 Gracula religiosa Hill Myna R P(II) ~ C
116 Phylloscopus borealis Arctic Warbler M TP ~ C 117 Orthotomus cuculatus Mountain Tailorbird R NP ~ C
118 Orthotomus sepium Ashy Tailorbird R TP ~ C
119 Orthotomus sutorius Common Tailorbird R TP ~ C 120 Orthotomus atrogularis Dark-necked Tailorbird R TP ~ C
121 Prinia rufescens Rufescent Prinia R TP ~ C
122 Orthotomus sericeus Rufous-tailed Tailorbird R TP ~ UC 123 Abroscopus superciliaris Yellow-bellied Warbler R TP ~ C
Malaysian Journal of Science 28 (4): 465-480 (2009)
472
Table 1: ....cont... No. Species Common Name Status Protection IUCN Distribution
124 Malacocincla abbotti Abbots's Babbler R TP ~ C 125 Pellorneum capistratum Black-Capped Babbler R TP ~ UC
126 Stachyris erythroptera Chestnut-winged Babbler R TP ~ C
127 Trichastoma bicolor Ferruginous Babbler R TP ~ UC 128 Stachyris poliocephala Grey-headed Babbler R TP ~ UC
129 Malacocincla sepiarium Horsefield’s Babbler R TP ~ UC
130 Malacopteron magnirostre Moustached Babbler R TP ~ C 131 Malacopteron cinereum Scaly-crowned Babbler R TP ~ C
132 Macronous gularis Striped Tit-Babbler R TP ~ C
133 Yuhina zantholeuca White-bellied Yuhina R TP ~ UC 134 Stachyris nigriceps Grey-throated Babbler R TP ~ UC
135 Stachyris maculata Chestnut-rumped Babbler R TP NT C
136 Macronous ptilosus Fluffy-backed Tit-Babbler R TP NT C 137 Malacopteron magnum Rufous-crowned Babbler R TP NT C
138 Malacocincla malaccencis Short-tailed Babbler R TP NT C
139 Malacopteron affine Sooty-capped Babbler R TP NT C 140 Harpactes orrhophaeus Cinnamon-rumped Trogon R TP NT UC
141 Harpactes diardii Diard’s Trogon R TP NT UC
142 Harpactes duvaucelli Scarlet-rumped Trogon R TP NT UC 143 Zoothera citrina Orange-headed Thrush M TP ~ UC
144 Luscinia cyane Siberian-blue Robin M TP ~ C
145 Copsychus saularis Oriental Magpie Robin R NP ~ C 146 Copsychus malabaricus White-rumped Shama R P(I, II) ~ C
147 Enicurus leschenaulti White-Crowned Forktail R TP ~ UC
148 Myiomela leucura White-tailed Robin R TP ~ C 149 Enicurus ruficapillus Chestnut-naped Forktail R TP NT UC
150 Turnix suscitator Barred Buttonquail M P(I) ~ C
151 Zosterops palpebrosa Oriental White-eye R P(II) ~ C 152 Zosterops everetti Everetts's White-eye R TP ~ C
have either one or two species throughout
Peninsular Malaysia, the possibility that all of its
species will be sampled is higher (Figure 2).
Result showed that Little Spiderhunter
(Arachnothera longirostra) was the most abundant
species in the study area. Collectively, both
approaches managed to record a total of 224
individuals of this species (or 13.6% of total bird
recorded) throughout study period. Most birds (196
individuals) were captured while some (28
individuals) were observed during many visits to
various sites. Other abundant species in the study
area include Yellow-bellied Bulbul (Alophoixus
phaeocephalus) which represented by 78
individuals, Black-headed Bulbul (Pycnonotus
atriceps) represented by 67 birds, Short-tailed
Babbler (Malacocincla malaccencis) represented
by 68 birds, and Yellow-breasted Flowerpecker
(Prionochilus maculates) represented by 50 birds.
Fifty one species were commonly found in the
study area (represented by between 7 to 45 birds),
49 species were uncommonly found in the reserve
(only three to six individuals of each species were
recorded), and 46 species can be considered rarely
found in the forest (only one or two birds were
detected throughout study period). Result of
current study shows that local bird distribution
pattern is not exactly concurs with nationwide
distribution pattern. Among recorded species, only
Common Myna and House Crow were classified as
abundant throughout Peninsular Malaysia [31].
Truly enough, these species were frequently
detected by direct observation but never captured
by mist-nets. Other species that are abundant in the
study area were classified as nationally common
except Yellow-breasted Flowerpecker that was
classified as nationally uncommon [31].
Interestingly, the study also managed to record two
individuals of Thick-billed Flowerpecker
(Dicaeum agile), species that was classified as
nationally rare [31].
Recording frequency data indicates that not all
species were regularly recorded as species
composition and representation are varies from one
to another. Only Little Spiderhunter was
represented by more than 200 birds (i.e 224
individuals), other species were represented by less
than 80 birds. Most species (41.45%) were
represented by only between one to three birds (27
species were represented by single bird, 19 species
were represented by two individuals, while 17
species were represented by three individuals).
Malaysian Journal of Science 28 (4): 465-480 (2009)
473
Thirty two species (21.05%) were represented by
between four to six individuals, 45 species
(29.61%) were represented by seven to 30 birds, 11
species (7.24%) were represented by between 31 to
80 birds (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Frequency of sample size that represents species recorded from Kenaboi Forest Reserve
DISCUSSION
This study had documented that Kenaboi forest
reserve harbours 24% of Peninsular Malaysia bird
species (38% if only forest birds were considered).
In term of family representation, the study
recorded almost half of the bird families that are
present in Peninsular Malaysia. The reserve had
higher bird species diversity than other disturbed
forests such as Sepang [17] and Pasoh [22], or
primary forest reserve or national parks such as
Endau-Rompin National Park [15], Sayap
Kinabalu Park [10], Matang Wildlife Sanctuary
and Gunung Gading National Park [35], Gunung
Rara Forest Reserve [11], or mixed habitat
(primary and secondary forests) such as Crocker
Range National Park [13]. However, it is
unjustified to directly compare previous studies
with current result due to dissimilarity in research
methodologies and sampling period. Most of these
previous studies (except Pasoh and Endau-Rompin
National Park) were briefly conducted, usually less
than eight cumulative days. On the same note, bird
studies in Pasoh and Endau Rompin were
conducted for longer period but used only mist-
netting technique in recording bird diversity.
Previous findings showed that detailed quantitative
studies on bird diversity can only be achieved
through prolong sampling period and application
of multiple approaches such as mist-netting, spot-
mapping, point counts, and observation of mixed
species flocks [36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41]. Locally, this
was proven by studies in Ulu Segama Forest
Reserve and Tabin Conservation Centre, Sabah
[19], Sabah [42], and Belumut and Bekok, Johor
[24] which were conducted for longer sampling
period. However these practices are highly labour
intensive (e.g. 12 person-months in [37]) and
incurring higher cost, causing biodiversity
documentation in tropical forest very costly.
The current study employed direct observation and
mist-netting techniques, two standard methods that
are well known for studying bird diversity. The
27
19
17
13
9 10
21
15
9
5
3 3
1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 b
ird
2 b
irds
3 b
irds
4 b
irds
5 b
irds
6 b
irds
7 - 1
0 b
irds
11 - 2
0 b
irds
21 - 3
0 b
irds
31 - 4
0 b
irds
41 - 5
0 b
irds
51 - 8
0 b
irds
> 2
00
bird
s
No
. o
f S
pec
ies
Frequency of Sample Sizes
Malaysian Journal of Science 28 (4): 465-480 (2009)
474
result had confirmed suggestion by previous
studies that applying multiple approaches will
produce better result [36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41]. Only
half of the species present in the study area were
successfully recorded by both mist-netting and
direct observation techniques. Another half of the
species was recorded either by direct observation
only (25%) and mist-netting only (25%).
Therefore, if only a single technique (i.e. either
direct observation or mist-netting) was applied in
this study, the maximum number of species that
can be recorded by this study is up to 75% only.
Mist-net has been used in many bird studies
throughout Malaysia such as in Mount Kinabalu
[10], Ulu Senagang [13], and Endau-Rompin
National Park [15]. Results from these studies
confirmed that mist-netting has the ability to
supply adequate information regarding the
diversity of understory forest birds. On the other
hand, direct observation technique was also used in
many studies to document bird species richness
[such as 17, 22, 24]. Although direct observation
may underestimate numbers of cryptic and silent
species, it is generally agreed that the technique is
the most time-efficient way of sampling forest
birds since it can cover larger area. There are two
main factors that influence the accuracy of direct
observation data; observer’s skill in bird
identification and selection of transects line.
Observer must be a highly trained birdwatcher
since sometimes he/she will only have a brief
opportunity in identifying bird species and observe
its behaviour. To minimise these problems, bird
was usually observed for predetermined period
either in fixed sampling sites (the approach is
known as point count) or along transect or within
fixed quadrate. Ex-logging road or available tracts
were usually chosen as transect line to survey birds
in secondary forest. This may influence result as
the study has higher tendency to sample roadside
species. Although walking inside the forest (or by
following elephant trails) is more preferable but
bias in bird detection also can arise due to
differential visibility within the understory forest
[19]. However, this bias has negligible effect on
current results since all observations were
conducted in almost standardised type of habitat;
logged forest.
In contrast to direct observation technique, mist
netting also has several advantages. In many cases,
it is necessary to capture the bird in order to make
a positive identification. Captured birds could be
ringed or banded to facilitate individual
recognition during recapture. In addition, the
marking process will also provide information on
productivity and longevity of particular bird [43].
Mist netting facilitates studies such as
morphological measurements, collecting museum
specimens, extracting blood or other tissues for
genetic studies, examining parasites infestation,
and to determine the breeding and moulting status
of birds [23]. As understory birds are small,
inconspicuous, and very mobile, mist-netting
technique is the only method that is able to
adequately sample this animal. Furthermore,
sampling effort can be intensified by increasing the
total number of mist-nets used. This will allow
wider coverage within the same sampling duration
but with more data been accumulated. In this
aspect, it is almost impossible for the same
observer to increase his/her observation efforts.
Even if he/she intends to do that, species detected
will be minimally increased since the observation
was conducted outside the peak hours of bird
activity and the data will be incomparable.
In documenting species diversity, individual
representation is important since this will influence
bird abundance. Species rarity, therefore, should
not be taken lightly in any biodiversity survey.
This study had recorded 27 species that were
represented by only a single record, either by direct
observation (14 species) or mist-netting (13
species). There are two possibilities whenever the
species recorded is represented by only a single
bird or sole detection. It can be caused either by
small population size of the respective species
(therefore representative of the particular species is
rarely sampled or the same individual was
repeatedly recorded) or influenced by the
inefficiency of the sampling technique. In this
study, two samplings techniques were used to
ensure more comprehensive samplings and
therefore overcoming the possibility of sampling
technique inefficiency. In addition samplings were
also conducted at greater frequency and at various
sites within the study area with the purpose to
increase coverage area. Although this will cause
species that have limited distribution or small
home range size to be excluded from subsequent
samplings, it will sample more birds from wider
areas.
Another factor that needs to be considered in any
documenting species diversity is study efforts.
Malaysian Journal of Science 28 (4): 465-480 (2009)
475
Both methods used in this study have different
study efforts. Mist netting had higher study effort
(860 netting hours) than direct observation (96
observation hours). Increasing study effort can
sometimes increase number of recorded species
particularly if the species accumulation curve is
not reaching asymptote yet. As discussed earlier,
previous studies on other forest reserves or
national parks have little investment in study
efforts resulting less bird species being recorded
[10, 11, 13, 17, 35]. Revisiting study site especially
during different seasons will indeed prolong study
period and increase study efforts and perhaps this
will also increase the accuracy of bird diversity
information.
It is obvious that some species are effectively
recorded only by certain method while other
species were detected by other techniques. Canopy
level birds such as House Crow and Whiskered
Treeswift can be easily detected by direct
observation technique since the species occupy
canopy level and rarely go down to understory
level. Open country birds such as Common Myna,
Common Tailorbirds (Orthotomus sutorius), and
Grey-bellied Bulbul (Pycnonotus cyaniventris) can
also be recorded by direct observation technique
because they actively forage in open area or forest
edges but rarely entering forest, causing mist-
netting ineffective in capturing them. On the other
hand, birds that forage at understory or ground
levels such as Babblers (Grey-headed Babbler
(Stachyris poliocephala), Grey-throated Babbler,
and Striped-Tit Babbler) will be effectively
sampled by mist-nets. Furthermore, these birds are
difficult to observe due to their small size and
cryptic behaviour. Bird behaviour also influences
the pattern of detection. Species that frequently
visit similar food resources or resources that are
located within the same areas and species that
move in big numbers will be better represented
either by mist nets or direct observation. When
particular species deviate slightly from their
original behaviour or feeding tracts, it will be
unexpectedly recorded by alternative method.
Some canopy species have changed their foraging
behaviour, causing them to be caught by mist nets.
Although the reserve only harbours 12 migratory
species (7.89%) from all bird species recorded in
this study (species that have both migrants and
resident populations were excluded), this already
comprises 8.45% of the total Malaysia migratory
species. However, this figure is very minimal
compared to the total Malaysian migratory species
(142 species or 21.84%). Therefore, it can be
concluded that Kenaboi forest reserve is not
attractive to migratory species. This may be
attributed to two factors. Firstly, most migratory
birds prefer coastal or freshwater habitats (which
were absence from the reserve area) than lowland
forest. Even at national level, only few forest
species are migrants [31]. Secondly, the reserve
does not have ample resources to attract migratory
species. This may be caused by forest disturbance
that lead to resources depletion. Therefore,
migratory species avoid the forest reserve to avoid
resources competition with resident birds.
Not all species were badly affected by forest
disturbance. Some birds thrive well in disturbed
forests due to modification of habitat structure.
Usually species that prefer open areas and forest
gaps such as Bulbuls and Spiderhunters benefit
from logging process [14] but not ground dwelling
species or most understory species that feed on
ground or understory insects [24]. The most
abundant bird recorded in this study, Little
Spiderhunter, is the common lowland rainforest
bird that sometimes extends its territory into
montane forest. It can be commonly found in
secondary forest but also frequenting forest fringe
or wooded areas of primary forest [31]. Other birds
that were also commonly found in the study area
are open areas species such as Yellow-bellied
Bulbul, Black-headed Bulbul, Short-tailed Babbler,
and Yellow-breasted Flowerpecker. All these
species are comensal species and they are normally
associated with human settlement. This indicates
that the study area is heavily disturbed and in the
process of regenerating. Previous study discovered
that if logged areas were left untouched for longer
period, it can play important role in conserving
widely distributed primary forest species [44]. In
addition to logged forest reserve, any secondary
forests also can play important role in biodiversity
conservation particularly when old growth forests
are nearby [44]. Conservation value of secondary
forests increases with time since abandonment and
is highest in regions where the ratio of secondary
forest to old growth forests is relatively low, old
growth forests are close to regenerating secondary
forest, post-abandonment disturbance is low and
seed dispersing fauna persist [45]. An important
caveat remains, however. Abundance, geographic
range and levels of habitat specialization are often
Malaysian Journal of Science 28 (4): 465-480 (2009)
476
related. Widespread, abundant, habitat generalists
might dominate similarity analyses even when
relatively rare old growth specialists are present
[44]. As a small and disturbed forest, the Kenaboi
forest reserve is contributing significantly towards
conserving Peninsular Malaysia bird diversity and
can play important role in biodiversity
conservation.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank many people involving in
this project. Our appreciation goes to staffs and
students of Institute of Biological Sciences such as
Nor Azhar, Fariz, Mohd Anuar, Zaidee,
Mohaiyidin, Shahrani, Ismaili, Muhamad Lokman,
Ahmad Zulfi, and many others who have been very
helpful in the field. Many thanks also go to local
communities who are very supportive not only in
sharing their knowledge related to study area but
also in providing field guide services. We also
would like to extend our gratitude to the Ministry
of Science and Technology (MOSTI) and Negeri
Sembilan State government for funding this study.
MOSTI grant was awarded to the senior author via
ScienceFund Research No. 05-02-03-SF0197
while Negeri Sembilan State government financial
support was made available through Professor Dr.
Haji Mohd Sofian Azirun, the principal
investigator for Kenaboi Forest Biodiversity
Project.
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Plate 1. Some species in Kenaboi Forest Reserve that have been captured by mist nets
Cinnamon-rumped Trogon
Harpactes orrhophaeus
Buff-necked Woodpecker
Meiglyptes tukki
Banded Broadbill
Eurylaimus javanicus
Tickle-blue Flycatcher
Cyornis tickelliae
Asian-paradise Flycatcher
Tersiphone paradise
Green Broadbill
Calyptomena viridis
Malaysian Journal of Science 28 (4): 465-480 (2009)
480
Plate 2. Some species in Kenaboi Forest Reserve that have been detected via direct observation
Lesser Green Leafbird
Chloropsis cyanopogon
Dollarbird
Eurystomus orientalis
Black-headed Bulbul
Pycnonotus atriceps
Grey-bellied Bulbul
Pycnonotus cyaniventris
Raffles’s Malkoha
Phaenicophaeus chlorophaeus
Oriental White-eye
Zosterops palpebrosa