Biomolecules Lecture

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Proteins

• Nucleic Acids

You are what you eat

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

4 Examples:

1. Glucose

2. Fructose

3. Ribose

4. Deoxyribose

Glucose Structure

Function of Glucose

Fructose Structure

Function of Fructose

• Used by sperm cells as source of energy

• Converted to glucose and used as source of energy

Structure of Ribose and Deoxyribose

deoxyribose

Function of Ribose

• Part of RNA nucleotides and ATP

RNA Nucleotide

RNA

Function of Ribose

• Part of RNA nucleotides and ATP

ATP

Function of Deoxyribose• Part of DNA

nucleotides

Disaccharides

3 examples:

1. Sucrose

2. Lactose

3. Maltose

Carbohydrate Synthesis/Hydrolysis

Carbohydrate Structure

Maltose

Glucose +

Glucose

Sucrose Structure

Sucrose Function

• Once it is broken down, it is used as a source of energy

Lactose

Maltose

How sweet is sweet?• We perceive a sweet taste when a

chemical binds to the sweet receptor on the tongue –The structure of a compound determines

how well it fits into a receptor–The more strongly the chemical binds to the

receptor, the sweeter it is perceived to be –The chemical can be sugar or another

compound, such as aspartame

Polysaccharides

3 examples:

1. Glycogen

2. Starch

3. Cellulose

GLYCOGEN

CELLULOSE

STARCH

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Lipids

3 types of lipids:

1. Triglycerides (fats & oils)

2. Phospholipids

3. Steroids

Lipids Fats and oils are composed of 2 types of Fats and oils are composed of 2 types of

subunits: subunits: glycerol and fatty acids.glycerol and fatty acids.

Examples of Trigylcerides

Triglyceride

Triglyceride

Saturated Fats

Unsaturated Fats

Trans Fats

Phospholipids

Phospholipids

Steroids

1 2

3 4

Examples of Steroids

ProteinsProteins

Proteins are made up of amino acids linked together

Proteins

OH

ProteinsProteins

Examples of Amino Acids

Protein Structure

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The function of a protein is a result of its 3-D structure

Protein Structure

Protein Structure

Lactase

Protein Structure

Protein Movement

Protein Transport

Protein TransportLE 5-13c

ATP

Protein Buffers

Help maintain pH in our body

Protein Receptors Can Activate Molecules

Messenger molecule

Receptor

Activatedmolecule

Protein Control

Protein Defense

Protein Enzymes

Enzyme Active Site

DNA: 1. Stores genetic code. That is it stores

all of the “recipes” for making the proteins our body needs (cookbook)

2. Controls when cells divide

3. Regulates metabolism (when enzymes are made)

Genes:Instructions for making 1 protein

(1 “recipe”)

RNA Structure

RNA Structure

RNA Function

1. Involved in protein synthesis

2. Can function as enzymes (called ribozymes)

mRNAHas rewritten instructions for making proteins

(rewritten “recipe”)

tRNACarries amino acids (ingredients) as per

instructions on mRNA rRNAHolds mRNA and tRNA so that amino acids

can be linked as per original “recipe” on DNA (mixing bowl)

DNA Nucleotide

Phosphate Group

Sugar

Nitrogenous Base

DNA Nucleotide

RNA Structure

DNA vs RNA

DNA and RNA

RNA