BiometricsBiometrics

Viktor MINKINminkin@elsys.ru

OutlineOutlineOutlineOutline

OutlineIntroductionBiometric systemsBiometric characteristicsFingerprintsUnimodal systemsMulti-modal systemsProblemsLinksHistory and future

IntroductionIntroduction

Biometrics [harmonized]

Automated recognition of persons based on

their biological or/and behavioral characteristics.

Automated measurement of biological or/and

behavioral characteristics of person for medical,

security or psychological purposes.

IntroductionIntroduction

Terms and definitions

Template

Capture

Comparison

Database

Enrollment

Matching

Token

User

IntroductionIntroduction

Identification of a person

– Verification/Verify• Comparing one to one• “Am I who I claim I am”

– Identification• Comparing one to many• “Who am I”

IntroductionIntroduction

Application

• Passport control• Access to secured areas• Surveillance• ATMs• Computer logins• E-commerce• Medicine• Psychology

IntroductionIntroduction

Traditional means of automatic identification

(before biometrics)

– Knowledge-based• Use “something that you know”• Examples: password, PIN

– Token-based• Use “something that you have”• Examples: credit card, smart card, keys

IntroductionIntroduction

Problems with traditional approaches– Token may be lost, stolen or forgotten – PIN may be forgotten or guessed by the imposters

• (25% of people seem to write their PIN on their ATM card)

Estimates of annual identity fraud damages per year:– $1 billion in welfare disbursements– $1 billion in credit card transactions– $1 billion in fraudulent cellular phone use– $3 billion in ATM withdrawals

IntroductionIntroduction

The traditional approaches are unable to differentiate between an authorized person and an imposter

Use biometrics which relies on “who you are” or “what you do”

Biometric SystemsBiometric Systems

Requirements for an ideal biometric

– Universality• Each person should have the characteristic

– Uniqueness• No two persons should be the same in terms of the

characteristic

– Permanence• The characteristic should not change

Biometric SystemsBiometric Systems

Issues in a real biometric system

– Performance• Identification accuracy, speed, robustness, resource

requirements

– Acceptability• Extend to which people are willing to accept a particular

biometric identifier

– Faked protection• How easy is it to fool the system by fraudulent methods

Biometric SystemsBiometric Systems

Identification accuracy

• FAR = false acceptance rate• FRR = false rejection rate• EER = equal error rate• TER = total error rate = FAR + FRR• FER= false enrollment rate

Biometric SystemsBiometric Systems

Receiver operating characteristics (ROC)

False Rejection Rate

Fa

lse

Acc

ep

tan

ce R

ate

Equal Error Rate

Biometric SystemsBiometric Systems

FAR/FRR and comparison threshold

Biometric CharacteristicsBiometric Characteristics

Static (biological) parameters

Fingerprints

Face

Iris

Hand geometry / vein

Retinal pattern

Facial thermogram

Lip information

DNA

Biometric CharacteristicsBiometric Characteristics

Dynamic (behavior) biometric parameters

Signature

Voice

Motion

Pulse

Biometric CharacteristicsBiometric Characteristics

Market Shares

Biometric CharacteristicsBiometric Characteristics

Market development

FingerprintsFingerprints

Accurate

Comparatively cheap hardware

Questionable acceptance

FingerprintsFingerprints

Optical technology

Light reflects from the surface of the prism where the finger is not in contact with it, while it penetrates the surface of the prism where the finger touches the surface of the prism. The resulting image goes through a lens into a video camera.

Light source

Finger

Video Camera (CCD)

LensPrism

FingerprintsFingerprints

Capacity technology

FingerprintsFingerprints

Fiber optic technology

FingerprintsFingerprints

Fingerprint types

Arches Loops Whorl

Bridge Dot Ridge Ending Bifurcation Enclosure

Minutia types

FingerprintsFingerprints

Core & Deltas

FingerprintsFingerprints

Fingerprint minutiae

FingerprintsFingerprints

Image transformation

Source FFT Flow field Directional Directional Directional image 1 image 2 irregularity

Code

Smoothing Binarization Skeleton Skeleton Minutiae formation cleaning search

FingerprintsFingerprints

Comparative testing

FingerprintsFingerprints

Fingerprint information

Unimodal SystemsUnimodal Systems

Facial ID

Illumination

Head pose

Occlusion

Unimodal SystemsUnimodal Systems

Hand Vein Questionable accuracy

Hand geometry

Unimodal SystemsUnimodal Systems

Retinal Pattern

Highest accuracyEven more intrusive than iris recognition

Unimodal SystemsUnimodal Systems

Facial Thermo image and VibraImage

Non-intrusive Lie detectionView-dependent Emotion controlDepends heavily on Criminals detectorhuman factors, Medical monitoringbody temperature Psychology testing

Multi-modal SystemsMulti-modal Systems

Why multimodal [multiple] person identification?– Quest for non-intrusive identification methods

• No special purpose hardware needed• Works potentially at greater distances

– “Traditional” arguments for going multimodal:• Increasing performance• Increasing robustness

– Mono-modal recognition techniques are likely to reach in a close future a saturation in performance.

Multi-modal Systems: FusionMulti-modal Systems: Fusion

“Early integration” or “sensor fusion”Integration is performed on the feature level

Classification is done on the combined feature vector

FeaturesModality 1

Classifier

FeaturesModality 2

FeaturesModality n-1

FeaturesModality n

Identity

Multi-modal Systems Multi-modal Systems

BioFinger3 -Elsys includes BiCard, VibraImage,

3D-Elsys is biological and behavioral identification system

Multi-modal SystemsMulti-modal Systems

The World population in 2000 was about6.000 M. people.

The biometric document (ID card) market ismore than $6.000.000.000

There are 3 different ID card technologies:

1. Card with additional memory (chip, CD,..)

2. Card with 2d-bar code

3. BiCard (3D-Elsys)

ProblemsProblems

Errors rate

Misunderstanding of real advantages and problems

Incomplete true about biometric systems

LinksLinks

International Biometric Group

- http://www.biometricgroup.com

NIST

- http://www.itl.nist.gov/div893/biometrics/

Literature– http://www.itl.nist.gov/iaui/894.03/pubs.html#fing

Patents

- http://www.elsys.ru/patents.php

Biometrics evolutionBiometrics evolution

19 century- not automated identification

20 century- biometric identification

21 century- emotion recognition and detection

Viktor MinkinViktor Minkin

BiometricsBiometrics

minkin@elsys.ru

Thank you!

2004