Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues

Supplement 1

By John McGill

Material contributed by

Beth Wyatt &

Jack Bagwell

DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

AXIAL SKELETON (80 BONES) Bones of the Head, Neck,

and Torso APPENDICULAR

SKELETON (126 BONES) Bones of the Upper and

Lower Extremeties• * Total Number of Major Bones

in the Body = 206

BONES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON

SKULL

28 Bones

CRANIAL BONES

• 8 • Form the

Cranium• Surrounds the

Brain

FRONTAL-1

Anterior Forms Anterior Portion of Cranium (Forehead) & Anterior Cranial Floor & Forms Roofs of Orbits (Eye Sockets)

PARIETAL ‑ 2

Superior Forms Superior Portion of Cranium

TEMPORAL ‑ 2

Lateral Forms Lateral Portion of Cranium & Cranial Floor

OCCIPITAL ‑ 1

Posterior Forms Posterior Portion of Cranium & Cranial Floor

SPHENOID ‑ 1 Central

Forms Central Portion of Cranial Floor

Shape Resembles Bat Known as the “Keystone of the

Cranium” B/C the Sphenoid Bone Anchors All the Other Cranial Bones

Lateral Forms Lateral Walls of

Cranium Lies in Front of Temporal Bone & Lateral Walls of Orbits

ETHMOID ‑ 1

Complex, Irregularly Shaped Bone General Location: Between Nasal and

Sphenoid Bones

ETHMOID ‑ continued

ETHMOID ‑ continued

Where the Ethmoid Bone Can Be Seen in an Articulated Skull: Medial Walls of Orbits Upper Portion of Nasal

Septum Upper "Ledges" Projecting into the Nasal Cavities Anterior Cranial Floor

ETHMOID ‑ continued

Ethmoid sinuses associated with

ethmoid bone hollow spaces inside

ethmoid bone

BONES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON

SKULL FACIAL BONES

• Primarily Form the Face

NASAL ‑ 2 Form Bridge of Nose

MAXILLARY (MAXILLA) ‑ 2 Upper Jawbones Form the central portion

of the face "Keystone of the Face“

Anchors All Other Facial Bones Except Mandible

Also Forms: Floor of Orbits & Anterior Portion (Most) of Hard Palate

BONES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON

SKULL FACIAL BONES

ZYGOMATIC ‑ 2

Cheekbones Also Form

Lateral Walls of Orbits

MANDIBLE ‑ 1

Lower Jawbone Largest, Strongest

Bone of the Face

LACRIMAL ‑ 2

Forms Medial Walls of Orbits B/T the Maxillary and

Ethmoid Bones

Paper Thin Bones Usually Broken in

Real Bone Skulls

PALATINE ‑ 2

Shaped like 2 L's facing one another Horizontal Portion

of L's Forms Posterior Portion of Hard Palate

Vertical Portion of L's Forms Lateral, Posterior Walls of Nasal Cavities

Palatine Bones

Turbinates

INFERIOR TURBINATES (CONCHAE) ‑ 2 Form Lower "Ledges"

That Project into Nasal Cavities

Scroll‑Shaped

Inferior turbinate (IT) Middle turbinate (MT)

Increase the surface area of the lining of the nose

Warms, humidifies, & cleans air

• U=uvula• T=anterior tongue• BoT=base of tongue• See next slide too

Tu

rbin

ates

VOMER ‑ 1

Forms Lower Portion of Nasal Septum

VOMER ‑ 1

BONES OF THE EAR (6) Tiny Bones Located

Within Temporal Bones In Middle Ear 3/Ear

MALLEUS (2) INCUS (2) STAPES (2)

HYOID BONE (1)

U Shaped Bone That Lies in the Neck B/T Mandible and Larynx

The Only Bone in the Body That Doesn’t Form a Joint With Another Bone

Held in Place By Ligaments and Muscles

Supports and Provides Muscle Attachment For Muscles That Form Floor of Mouth and Tongue

HYOID BONE (1)

BONES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON

SPINAL (VERTEBRAL) COLUMN (26)

CERVICAL VERTEBRAE – 7

ATLAS 1st Cervical Vertebra Named For Atlas in

Greek Mythology

AXIS 2nd Cervical

Vertebra Named B/C Atlas

Pivots Around Axis

THORACIC VERTEBRAE – 12

LUMBAR VERTEBRAE – 5

SACRUM – 5 FUSED INTO 1

Wedge-Shaped Bone Consists of 5

Separate Vertebrae (Childhood)

That Fuse Into 1 After Bones Mature

COCCYX – 4 OR 5 FUSED INTO 1

Tailbone Consists of Separate

Vetebrae That Fuse (Like

Sacrum)

BONES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON

STERNUM AND RIBS (25)

STERNUM – 1 Breastbone Dagger-Shaped Flat Bone

RIBS – 12 PAIR TRUE RIBS – 7 PAIR

Called True Ribs B/C They Attach Directly to the Sternum By Costal Cartilage

FALSE RIBS – 5 PAIR Called False Ribs B/C:

• 3 PAIR• Attach Indirectly to the

Sternum By the Costal Cartilage of Rib 7 (1st 3 Pair of False Ribs

• #’s 8,9,10 Counting From the 1st True Rib)

• 2 PAIR • Don’t Attach to the Sternum

At All (Last 2 Pair Of False Ribs, #’s 11,12 Counting From the 1st True Rib)

• These Are Also Known as Floating Ribs

STERNUM AND RIBS (25) continued…

Note: Posteriorly, ALL Ribs Are Attached to the Thoracic Vertebrae

Note: Thorax (Thoracic Cage) = Sternum + Ribs + Vertebral Column, (Creates a Complete Boney Cage)

BONES OF THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON

UPPER EXTREMITIES (64)

CLAVICLE – 2

Collarbone

SCAPULA – 2 Shoulder Blade

Shoulder Girdle Shoulder Girdle =

Clavicle + Scapula

HUMERUS – 2 Long Bone of the

Upper Arm

RADIUS – 2 Radius and Ulna Are

Bones of the Forearm Radius: Thumb Side,

Ulna: Little Finger Side

ULNA – 2 Radius and Ulna Are

Bones of the Forearm Radius: Thumb Side,

Ulna: Little Finger Side

CARPALS – 16

Bones of the Anatomical Wrist Proximal End of Hand

METACARPALS – 10

Bones That Form the Palm of the Hand Knuckles = Heads of Metacarpals

PHALANGES – 28

Bones of the Fingers 3 in Each Finger, 2 in Each Thumb

BONES OF THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON

LOWER EXTREMITIES (62)

OS COXAE (COXAL/INNOMINATE) – 2 (PELVIC GIRDLE)

Pelvic/Hip Bones Broadest Bone in

the Body Os Coxae (2) +

Sacrum + Coccyx, Forms Complete Boney Ring

FEMUR – 2

Thigh Bone Longest, Largest,

Strongest Bone

PATELLA – 2 Kneecap

TIBIA – 2 Tibia and Fibula Are

Bones of the Lower Leg

Tibia: Shin Bone Larger, More Medial

and More Superficial Compared to Fibula

FIBULA – 2

TARSALS – 14

Bones That Form the Heel and the Posterior Portion of the Foot

METATARSALS – 10

Bones That Form the Long Portion of the Foot

PHALANGES – 28

Bones of the Toes; 3 in Each Toe Except Big Toes, 2 in Each Big Toe

BIO 210 Chapter 8Supplements 2 & 3

TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE BONE MARKINGS

Developed by:Mr. McGillMrs. Wyatt

Define Bone Markings Identifying Features

on Bones “Marks” Each Bone as

Unique

DEPRESSIONS AND OPENINGS

FORAMEN

Round Hole in Bone for Blood Vessels and Nerves

Example: Supraorbital Foramen

FOSSA Depression in Bone into Which Another Bone Fits (Forms Joint)

Example: Mandibular Fossa

Which #? 10

MEATUS Tubelike Canal in

Bone Example: External

Auditory Meatus Which #? 11

11

NOTCH

V-like Depression in Bone

Example: Supraorbital Notch

Allows passage of supraorbital vessels & nerves.

PROCESSES Extensions of Bone 2 Groups: THOSE THAT

FIT INTO JOINTS & THOSE TO WHICH MUSCLES ATTACH. THOSE THAT FIT INTO

JOINTS-2 TYPES• HEAD &• CONDYLE

• Rounded Bump That Usually Fits into a Fossa on Another Bone Forming a Joint

• Example: Mandibular Condyle

• C or E• C, what is E?

HEAD

Large, Rounded Distinct End of a Long Bone

Fits into a Depression on Another Bone Forming A Joint

Example: Head of Femur Fits into acetabulum of

os coxae (pelvis)

THOSE TO WHICH MUSCLES ATTACH

EPICONDYLE SPINE (SPINOUS PROCESS) TROCHANTER TUBEROSITY

EPICONDYLE Bump Above a

Condyle for Muscle Attachment CONDYLE-Rounded

Bump That Usually Fits into a Fossa on Another Bone Forming a Joint (Example: Mandibular Condyle)

Example: Epicondyles of Femur

SPINE (SPINOUS PROCESS)

Sharp, Pointed Process for Muscle Attachment Example: Spine of Vertebra

TROCHANTER

Large Bump for Muscle Attachment

Example: Trochanters

of Femur

TUBEROSITY

Small Bump for Muscle Attachment

Example: Tibial Tuberosity

Processes-OTHERS

BODY Main Portion of a

Bone Example:

• Body of Vertebra

Processes-OTHERS

SINUS Cavity Within Bone Example:

• Frontal Sinuses

BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: THE SKULL

FRONTAL BONE

SUPRAORBITAL FORAMEN "Hole/Notch Above Orbit“ 2 May Be a Foramen/May Be a Notch (Varies)

FRONTAL BONE FRONTAL SINUSES

Cavities Within Frontal Bone (Above Orbits)

Usually 2 (One Above Each Orbit) But Varies

TEMPORAL BONE

Note: 2 Temporal Bones Means 2 Each of These Bone Markings

TEMPORAL BONE

MASTOID PROCESS Projection of Bone Just

Behind Ear Contains Mastoid Air

Cells (Small Sinuses That Communicate With Middle Ear Rather Than Nose)

TEMPORAL BONE

EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS "External Ear

Canal“ Tube That Extends

into the Temporal Bone From the External to Middle Ear

TEMPORAL BONE STYLOID PROCESS

Slender Spike of Bone That Extends Downward From the Temporal Bone

TEMPORAL BONE

MANDIBULAR FOSSA Depressed Area in

the Temporal Bone into Which the Mandible Fits

TEMPORAL BONE ZYGOMATIC

PROCESS The Portion of the

Temporal Bone That Joins the Zygomatic Bone

Zygomatic Arch = Zygomatic Process (Temporal Bone) + Zygomatic Bone

1. Frontal bone 2. Parietal bone 3. Temporal bone 4. Greater wing of sphenoid

OCCIPITAL BONE

FORAMEN MAGNUM "Large Hole“ The Hole Through Which the Spinal Cord Enters the

Cranial Cavity OCCIPITAL CONDYLES

2 Oval Shaped Bumps on Either Side of the Foramen Magnum (Where Skull Joins Vertebral Column)

SPHENOID BONE

OPTIC FORAMEN "Hole in Eye" 2 Transmits the Optic Nerve (Vision) From Eye to Brain

SPHENOID

SPHENOID BONE

SPHENOID BONE

SELLA TURCICA Depression in the Center of the Sphenoid

Bone (Houses the Pituitary Gland)

SPHENOID BONE

SPHENOID SINUSES Cavities Within the Sphenoid Bone Number Varies

ETHMOID BONE

CRISTA GALLI Upward Projection of Ethmoid Bone Lies in Anterior Cranial Floor Point of Attachment for the Meninges

• Protective Coverings for Brain and Spinal Cord

ETHMOID BONE CRIBIFORM PLATE

Thin Plate (Anterior Cranial Floor) That Crista Galli Sets On

Separates the Cranial and Nasal Cavities

Contains Numerous Holes for Branches of the Olfactory Nerve (Smell) (Branches of This Nerve Pass From Nose to Brain Through These Holes)

ETHMOID BONE

PERPENDICULAR PLATE Upper Portion of Nasal Septum (Nasal Septum

is the Midline Wall in Internal Nose)

PERPENDICULAR PLATE

ETHMOID BONE

SUPERIOR AND MIDDLE CHONCHAE (TURBINATES) Upper and Middle

"Ledges" in Nasal Cavities

Superior and 2 Middle Conchae

ETHMOID BONE

ETHMOID SINUSES Small, Spongy

Cavities That Lie Within the Lateral Portions of the Ethmoid Bone

MAXILLARY BONE

ALVEOLAR PROCESS Arch That

Contains the Teeth

INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN "Hole Below

Orbit“ 2

Alveolar Process

Infraorbital Foramen

MAXILLARY BONE PALATINE

PROCESS The Portion of the

Maxillary Bones That Forms the Anterior

and Most of Hard Palate• Hard Palate is the

Hard Portion of the Roof of the Mouth

MAXILLARY BONE

MAXILLARY SINUSES Cavities Within the Maxillary Bones Below Orbits Usually 2

• One Below Each Orbit• Varies

The Largest of the Sinuses

MANDIBLE BONE

MANDIBULAR CONDYLE (c) Rounded Portion

of Mandible That Fits Into Mandibular Fossa of Temporal Bone to Form the Jaw Joint (2)

MANDIBLE BONE

ALVEOLAR PROCESS Arch That Contains the Teeth

MANDIBLE BONE

MENTAL FORAMEN "Hole in Chin" (Outer Surface of Mandible) 2

MANDIBLE BONE

MENTAL FORAMEN

MANDIBLE BONE MANDIBULAR

FORAMEN "Hole in Mandible"

(Inner Surface of Mandible)

2 PALATINE BONE

(HORIZONTAL PLATE) Posterior portion

of the hard palate

Mandibular foramen

PalatineBone

SUTURES Immovable Joints Between Skull Bones

SQUAMOUS Lies Along the

Top Curved Edge of the Temporal Bone

• Joint Between Temporal, Parietal, and Part of the Sphenoid Bones

SUTURES

CORONAL (FRONTAL)(1) The Joint Between

Parietal and Frontal Bones

LAMBDOIDAL (8) The Joint Between

Parietal and Occipital Bones

SAGITTAL The Joint Between

the 2 Parietal Bones

FONTANELS

DEFINITION "Soft Spots" in an

Infant's Skull• Areas Where

Ossification is Incomplete at Birth

PURPOSE • Allows

Compression of the Skull During Childbirth

PARANASAL SINUSES (PREVIOUSLY LISTED WITH SKULL BONES) "Sinuses Around Nose"

(Communicate Directly (Open Into) Internal Nose)

• FRONTAL• SPHENOID• ETHMOID• MAXILLARY

SINUSES

MASTOID SINUSES (AIR CELLS) Located in the Mastoid

Processes of the Temporal Bones

Small Sinuses That Communicate With the Middle Ear Rather Than the Nose

1 Mastoid sinuses2 Mastoid process

SINUSES

ORBITS & NASAL SEPTUM ORBITS

Eye Sockets Formed By Many Cranial and

Facial Bones: Frontal, Sphenoid, Zygomatic, Ethmoid, Lacrimal, Maxillary (See Previous Info)

NASAL SEPTUM Midline Wall in the Internal Nose

(Divides the Internal Nose Into 2 Cavities)

Formed By: • Bone:

• Perpendicular Plate of Ethmoid Bone: Forms Upper Portion

• Vomer: Forms Lower Portion

• Cartilage (Hyaline): Forms Anterior Portion

BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: THE SKULL

WORMIAN BONES Small Islands of Bone Located Within Sutures Highly Individual So the Number Varies

VERTEBRAE BODY

Flat, rounded portion Anterior and medial

SPINOUS PROCESS Sharp, pointed, posterior,

and medial projection Can be felt through the skin

of the back TRANSVERSE PROCESSES

Sharp, pointed, and lateral projections

2 (left and right)• Note: These are markings

that are common to most vertebrae

VERTEBRAE SUPERIOR ARTICULAR PROCESSES INFERIOR ARTICULAR PROCESSES

"Joining Processes"; One Way That the Vertebrae Join Together (They Also Join By Their Bodies)

Superior Articular (Articulating) Processes: 2; Uppermost (Project Up)

Inferior Articular (Articulating) Processes: 2; Lowermost (Project Down)

The Superior Articular Processes of One Vertebra Join to the Inferior Articular Processes of the Above Vertebra

SPINAL (VERTEBRAL) FORAMEN Hole in the Center of Each Vertebra When All the Vertebrae are Joined,

These Holes Create the Spinal Cavity (Houses the Spinal Cord)

STERNUM

MANUBRIUM Upper Portion of the Sternum

BODY Middle (Main) Portion of the

Sternum XIPHOID PROCESS:

Blunt, Lower Tip of Sternum Composed of Cartilage That

Ossifies As One Ages RIBS: COSTAL CARTILAGES

Cartilage (Hyaline) That Joins Ribs to Sternum

BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: SCAPULA

Spine

SPINE Sharp Ridge on

the Posterior Surface of the Scapula

GLENOID CAVITY Arm Socket: A

Shallow Depression That Holds the Head of the Humerus to Form the Shoulder Joint

BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: HUMERUS

HEAD Large, Rounded, Proximal

Epiphysis Medial (Fits Into Glenoid

Cavity) The following are distal:

MEDIAL EPICONDYLE LATERAL EPICONDYLE CAPITULUM-Rounded, Lateral Knob TROCHLEA

• Rounded, Medial Knob That Contains a Depression in the Center

BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: RADIUS

HEAD: Proximal; Disk‑Shaped STYLOID PROCESS: Distal, Pointed

Projection (Lateral in Anatomical Position)

ULNA OLECRANON PROCESS: Proximal,

Upward Projection of the Ulna (Elbow)

SEMILUNAR NOTCH• Curved Depression• Proximal

STYLOID PROCESS• Distal, Pointed Projection

(Medial in Anatomical Position)• Can Be Felt Through the Skin in

the Wrist Area

BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES:OS COXAE (COXAL/INNOMINATE)

ILIUM: Uppermost, Flaring Portion (Largest)

ISCHIUM: Lowermost Portion (Strongest)

PUBIS: Anterior, Medial Portion Markings:

ACETABULUM• Hip Socket: A Deep

Depression that Holds the Head of the Femur to Form the Hip Joint

SYMPHYSIS PUBIS• Joint Between the Pelvic

Bones (Pubis Portion)• Anterior and Medial• Composed of Cartilage

(Fibrocartilage)

Each Os Coxa Bone is Composed of 3 Separate Bones That Fuse

BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES:OS COXAE (COXAL/INNOMINATE)

TRUE PELVIS Space Between Pelvic Inlet

and Pelvic Outlet "Basin" Portion of Pelvis

(Houses Pelvic Organs) PELVIC INLET

Boundary That Leads Into True Pelvis

PELVIC OUTLET Boundary That Leads Out

of True Pelvis FALSE PELVIS

Broad, Shallow Space Above Pelvic Inlet

Called False Pelvis Because It's Actually Located in the Abdominal Cavity Rather Than the Pelvic Cavity

False Pelvis

True Pelvis

BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: FEMUR

Proximal HEAD

• Large, Rounded, Proximal Epiphysis

• Medial (Fits Into Acetabulum)

NECK: Narrow Portion Just Below the Head

GREATER TROCHANTER: Lateral

LESSER TROCHANTER: Medial Distal

MEDIAL EPICONDYLE LATERAL EPICONDYLE MEDIAL CONDYLE LATERAL CONDYLE

BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: TIBIA

Proximal• MEDIAL CONDYLE• LATERAL CONDYLE• TIBIAL TUBEROSITY:

Anterior, Medial, Rounded Bump

Distal• MEDIAL MALLEOLUS

• Distal, Medial Process• Can be Felt on the Inner

Surface of the Ankle

BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: FIBULA

HEAD: Proximal and Rounded

LATERAL MALLEOLUS Distal, Lateral

Process Can be Felt on

the Outer Surface of the Ankle

BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: TARSALS

CALCANEUS: Heel Bone Which # 1

TALUS: Uppermost Tarsal

CURVES OF THE SPINAL COLUMN The Spinal Column is Curved (Not Straight) Importance:

Strength Balance Protection from Fracture

PRIMARY CURVES: Present from Birth, Convex THORACIC SACRAL (PELVIC)

SECONDARY CURVES: Develop after Birth, Concave CERVICAL: Develops As Infant Learns to

Hold Head Erect LUMBAR: Develops As Child Learns to Walk

COMPARISON OF THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE HANDS AND FEET

STRUCTURE OF THE HANDS/FEET Similar Hands: Carpals, Metacarpals,

Phalanges Feet: Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges

FUNCTION OF THE HANDS/FEET Different! Hands: Major Function ‑ Manipulation of

Objects (Grasping and Holding); Due to Opposing Thumb

Feet: Major Function ‑ Strong Support for Body's Weight; Due to Big Toe and Arches

ARCHES OF THE FOOT

Strong Tendons and Ligaments Hold Bones of the Foot in an Arched Position

Arches Provide Support LONGITUDINAL:

Lengthwise Arches • MEDIAL• LATERAL

TRANSVERSE: Crosswise Arch

SKELETAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN

GENERAL DIFFERENCES: Male Skeleton Larger and Heavier

SPECIFIC (PELVIC) DIFFERENCES SHAPE OF PELVIS

• Male Pelvis: Narrow and Deep (Funnel‑Shaped)

SIZE OF PUBIC ARCH• Angle Between Pelvic

Bones (Anterior and Medial)

• Male Pelvis: Pubic Arch < 90 Degrees

All Pelvic Differences Relate to Childbearing

SKELETAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN

GENERAL DIFFERENCES: Male Skeleton Larger and Heavier

SPECIFIC (PELVIC) DIFFERENCES SHAPE OF PELVIS

• Female Pelvis: Broad and Shallow (Basin‑Shaped)

SIZE OF PUBIC ARCH• Angle Between Pelvic Bones

(Anterior and Medial)• Female Pelvis: Pubic Arch >

90 Degrees All Pelvic Differences Relate to

Childbearing

SKELETAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMENhttp://medlib.med.utah.edu/kw/osteo/forensics/sex/bonepelvsex.html

Male Female

Male

Male

Female

Female