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The Chemical Level of
Organiza4on
BIOL 121: A&P I
Chapter 2
Rob Swatski Associate Professor of Biology
HACC – York Campus
Part 1: Inorganic Chemistry
Textbook images - Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
2
3
Contains Mass
Occupies Space MaKer
4
How is MaKer Organized?
Elements
Trace Elements
5
The 4 Most Abundant Elements of
Life
O
C
H
N
6
The Next 4 Most
Abundant Elements of
Life
Ca
P
K
S
MAJOR ELEMENTS (about 96% of total)
LESSER ELEMENTS (about 3.6% of total)
TRACE ELEMENTS (about 0.4% of total)
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9
10
Atomic Structure
Nucleus
Protons (+)
Neutrons (0)
Electron Cloud
Electrons (-‐)
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How Are an Atom’s Electrons Organized?
3rd Shell
2nd Shell
1st Shell
Nucleus
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# of Protons
# of Electrons
Electrically Neutral Atom
14
Atomic Number
# of Protons
15
# of Neutrons
# of Protons
Atomic Mass
16
17
18
Isotopes
Same # of protons
Different # of neutrons
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Radioisotopes (tracers)
I-‐131 thyroid study
20
Ions
Anions (-‐)
Ca4ons (+)
Gain e-‐ Lose e-‐
21
Free Radicals
22
23
24
Stable Atoms
8 valence
e-‐
Unstable Atoms
< 8 valence
e-‐
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29
Ionic Bonds
30 dissocia4on à electrolytes
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Covalent Bonds
Single Double Triple
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Types of Covalent Bonds
Nonpolar
Polar
Molecules
33
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
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Polar Covalent Bonds
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Chemical Reac4ons
Metabolism
Physiology
39
Chemical Equa4ons
40
Total Mass of Reactants
Total Mass of Products
Law of Conserva4on of Mass
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Total Energy of Reactants
Total Energy of Products
Law of Conserva4on of Energy
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Energy
Poten4al
Chemical Kine4c
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Energy Energy Exergonic Reac4on
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Energy Energy Endergonic Reac4on
Coupled Reac4ons
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Ac4va4on Energy
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Increase Reac4on Rate
Decrease Ac4va4on Energy
Catalysts
Enzymes as Catalysts
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Types of Chemical Reac4ons
Synthesis
Decomposi4on
Exchange
Reversible
A B AB
Synthesis (Anabolism)
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Two hydrogen molecules
One oxygen molecule
Two water molecules
Combine to form
Synthesis (Anabolism)
AB A B
Decomposi4on (Catabolism)
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Breaks down into
One methane molecule
One carbon atom Two hydrogen molecules
Decomposi4on (Catabolism)
AB CD AC BD
Exchange
HCl + NaHCO3 H2CO3 + Na+Cl-‐
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Hydrochloric acid
Sodium bicarbonate
Carbonic acid Sodium chloride
Exchange
A B AB
Reversible
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Oxida4on
e-‐
e-‐ e-‐
HIGH
low
65
Reduc4on
e-‐
e-‐
e-‐
HIGH
low
66
Compounds Inorganic
No Carbon
Small
Simple
Ionic bonds
Organic
Carbon-‐based
Large
Complex
Covalent bonds
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Water
69
Dehydra4on Synthesis
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Hydrolysis
71
Solute Solvent Solu4on
72
Hydrophilic
Polar covalent
Water-‐soluble
Hydrophobic
Nonpolar covalent
Water-‐insoluble
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Proper4es of Water
74
High Heat Capacity
High Heat of Vaporiza4on
How do they benefit the human body?
75
Cohesion
How?
76
Surface Tension
How?
77
Mixtures
Solu4on
Colloid Suspension
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81 anions ca4ons both
pH
82
Acidic [H+] > [OH–]
Neutral [H+] = [OH–]
Basic [H+] < [OH–]
7
0
14 83
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Buffering Systems
87
Carbonic Acid H2CO3
Bicarbonate ion
HCO3-‐
Carbonic acid-‐Bicarbonate buffer system
H+
OH+
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The Chemical Level of
Organiza4on
BIOL 121: A&P I
Chapter 2
Rob Swatski Associate Professor of Biology
HACC – York Campus
Part 2: Organic Chemistry
Textbook images - Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
89
90
Bonds with variety of elements
Diverse sizes & shapes
More insoluble in water
Many covalent bonds
Organic molecules
Monomers à Macromolecules
Proper4es of Carbon-‐Based Molecules
91
Func4onal Groups
92
Estradiol Testosterone
93
Carbon Molecules
94
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Carbohydrates: Func4ons
Energy Structure Storage
96
Structure
C, H, O
C-‐H2O
Size
Simple: glucose
Complex: starch
97
3 Major Groups of Carbohydrates
Mono-‐saccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
98
C6H12O6
Glucose (C6H12O6)
Sucrose (C12H22O11)
Dehydra4on synthesis and hydrolysis of sucrose
Dehydration synthesis
Fructose (C6H12O6)
Hydrolysis
Water
Disaccharides
Lactose Intolerance
100
101
Polysaccharides
largest carb
100’s of mono’s
glycogen
102
C, H, O hydrophobic
few polar covalent bonds
insoluble in water
glycerol & 1-‐3 faZy acids fats & oils
Lipids – General Characteris4cs
103
Lipid Structure
104
Triglyceride Structure
105
Func4ons of Triglycerides
Protec4on Insula4on
Energy source short-‐ or long-‐term
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107
Phospholipids
Cell structure & func[on
Plasma membrane
Amphipathic
108
Head
Polar
Hydrophilic
Glycerol & phosphate
Tails
Nonpolar
Hydrophobic
2 FaZy acids
Phospholipid Structure
109
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Steroids
111
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113
Proteins
C, H, O, N
Diverse shapes & sizes
Amino acids
114
Func4ons of Proteins
Structure & protec[on
Regulate metabolism
Muscle contrac[on
Chemical & organelle transport
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Amino Acids
Amino group -‐ NH2
Carboxyl group -‐ COOH
R group
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Primary
Secondary
Ter4ary Quaternary
Levels of Protein Structure
120
Primary Structure
121
Secondary Structure
122
Ter4ary Structure
123
Quaternary Structure
124
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Denatura4on
Enzymes = Catalysts
126
Substrates
Ac4ve Site
Enzyme
127
Enzymes = Catalysts
128
How do Enzymes Increase Reac4on Rate?
Increase collision frequency
Lower ac[va[on energy
Properly orient
molecules
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C, H, O, N, P Nucleo[des
DNA RNA
Regulates cell ac[vi[es
Guides protein synthesis
Nucleic Acids
131
Nucleo4des
Nitrogenous Base
Pentose Sugar
Phosphate Group
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134
RNA Single
stranded
Ribose = sugar
Uracil = base
135
3 Types of RNA
mRNA rRNA tRNA
136
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Primary source of chemical poten[al energy
Powers muscle
contrac[on, chemical transport, organelle movement
Adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups
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138
Energy P P P P i P P Adenosine Adenosine
ADP ATP
Reacts with H2O
Energy
139
ATP Cycle
P i ADP +
H2O ATP + ATP
ATP hydrolysis
ATP synthesis
140