Post on 30-Dec-2015
BiochemistryBiochemistry
What does Organic Mean?
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Atomic Number# of protons
(and also # of electrons)
Chemical symbol
Name of Element
Atomic MassThe weight Of carbon
atom oraverage
weight of all isotopes
6
CCarbon12.011
WhatWhat’’s so s so special about special about
Carbon??Carbon??Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
“Elements of Life”
Organic = carbon-based molecules
Examples: C6H12O6, CH4
Inorganic = molecules without carbon–carbon or carbon–hydrogen bonds
Examples: NaCl, NH4, H2SO4 , CO, CO2
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
• Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds– Leads to many different molecules
– Can form large chains or rings
• Linking of carbons can form very large molecules called Macromolecules• Each individual unit is called a monomer. When
they are linked together they are called a polymer.
• 4 macromolecules necessary for life: carbohydrates, lipids, protein, nucleic acids
Why Carbon?
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Polymerization= Synthesis of organic molecules= Small subunits (MONOMERS) bond together to
form larger units (POLYMERS)
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Chemical Reactions
Process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals
• Reactant + Reactant = Product + Product• Always involve changes in the chemical bonds
that join atoms in compoundsREARRANGING!
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Types of Reactions• Hydrolysis
– Break apart monomers– Happens by the addition of water. – An H is added to one monomer & an OH is added to the
other monomer.
• Dehydration Synthesis (or Condensation)– Join monomers – One monomer loses a H+ and the other loses an OH-
– Water is removed– Covalent bond is formed
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Hydrolysis
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Dehydration Synthesis
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Energy in reactions
• Bonds are the storage place of energy in molecules / compounds
– Break a bond RELEASE energy
– Make a bond REQUIRES energy
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Energy in Reactions• EXERGONIC (E exiting)• Chemical reactions that release energy • Often spontaneous (occur on their own)
– But often need a “push” to get started
• ENDERGONIC (E needing)• Chemical reactions that absorb energy • Need energy input to occur
• ACTIVATION ENERGY the energy needed to get a reaction started. Enzymes (proteins) do this.
The “push”
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
CATABOLISM
HYDROLYSIS
EXOTHERMIC
RELEASE ENERGY
BREAK BONDS
CELL RESPIRATION
ANABOLISM
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
ENDOTHERMIC
STORE ENERGY
MAKE BONDS
REDUCTION
Small Molecules
Big
Molecules METABOLISM
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Condensation Reaction
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
So why do polymers So why do polymers (macromolecules) (macromolecules)
matter to life?matter to life?
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
MONOMERSMONOMERS POLYMERSPOLYMERS
Simple or Single SugarsSimple or Single Sugars Carbohydrates or Carbohydrates or
Complex SugarsComplex Sugars
Amino AcidsAmino Acids ProteinsProteins
Fatty Acids and GlycerolFatty Acids and Glycerol Fats or LipidsFats or Lipids
NucleotideNucleotide Nucleic Acids:Nucleic Acids:
RNA or DNARNA or DNA
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Carbohydrates• Fxn: Primary source of Energy• Structure: Made of C, H, and O
– Ratio of C:H:O is 1:2:1
– General formula: Cn(H2O)n-1 ie. C12H22O11
• n = the # of C’s in the molecule
• Rings are usually formed as opposed to the linear structure
• Small carbs. are water soluble because of -OH groups
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
GLUCOSE: key to life
Energy is stored in the bonds between atoms.This is what our bodies break down when we eat
to obtain energy!Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Types of Carbohydrates• Monosaccharide = Monomer
– Simple sugars: glucose, galactose, fructose– 6-C sugar molecule = “hexose”
• Disaccharides = 2 sugars linked together– Sucrose = glucose + fructose– Lactose = glucose + galactose– Maltose = glucose + glucose
• Polysaccharide = Polymer– Longterm energy storage– Plants = starch, cellulose– Animals = glycogen
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
ISOMERS Same molecular formula different structural formula
Glucose Fructose Galactose
What is the molecular formula for each? What are the structural differences?
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
POLYSACCHARIDESStructural Materials & Energy Storage
1. Plant Cell walls: Cellulose (not digestable)2. Plant tissue: Starch (yummy!)3. Arthropod Exoskeleton: Chitin4. Cell Walls of Fungi: Chitin5. Cell Walls of Bacteria: Peptidoglycan6. Animals: Glycogen (liver & muscles)
InsulinGlycogen Glucose
GlucagonBiochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
LIPIDS Fats, Oils, Waxes• Fxn: Long-term energy storage
& cell membrane structure
• Structure: Made of C, H, O– No definite ratios but very high amount of H’s
• Nonpolar – not soluble in water; hydrophobic– Examples: triglycerides - saturated & unsaturated
fats, phospholipids, sterols (steroids &cholesterol, hormones and vitamins
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Lipid Properties• MONOMER: 1 glycerol and 1-3 fatty acids
• POLYMER: Lipid• Properties of lipid depends on fatty acids
– (saturated vs. unsaturated)
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
GLYCEROLGLYCEROL
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Saturated vs. Unsaturated • All single bonds connect C• Solid at room temp• Ex: butter, lard• “Straight, stackable”
• Contain double bonds• Liquid at room temp• Ex: olive oil, corn oil• Typically plant-based
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
What are trans-fats?
• “Trans” double bonds are not naturally found in biological systems
• When unsat. fats are “hydrogenated” to become sat. fat (easier to store, ship,use), the H’s can rearrange and ‘straighten out’ the molecule
• Trans fat is bad b/c it is not recognized by our body’s enzymes
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
• Component of cell membrane
• Two fatty acids + glycerol + phosphate group
• Amphipathic– Polar head: hydrophilic
• Phosphate group attached to glycerol
– Non-Polar Tail: Hydrophobic• Two fatty acid chains attached
to glycerol
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
• Required to build and maintain cell membranes
• Regulates membrane fluidity• May act as an antioxidant• Aids in the manufacture of bile• Important for the metabolism of fat-
soluble vitamins (A, D, E, & K)• Synthesis in hormones: cortisol,
aldosterone & sex hormones• HDL good, LDL bad
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Proteins• Structure: contain N, C, H, O
– Have an amino group (-NH2) – Have a carboxyl group (-COOH)– Have an “R” group (“other”)
• there are 20 different R groups• Three major groups: Polar, Ionic, and Nonpolar
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
The “R” group is in a white box
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Proteins• MONOMER: amino acid• POLYMER: Polypeptide or Protein
– 2 amino acids are joined by a peptide bond– 4 levels of protein structure
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Proteins
• Functions: – Control cellular reactions (enzymes)– Regulate cell processes– Structure (tissues, bones, muscles)– Transport – Help fight disease
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Protein Structure• Primary structure
– Amino acids bond forming polypeptide chain
• Secondary structure– Chain folds or twists into specific configuration– Stabilized by H bonds (ex: α helices, β pleats)
• Tertiary Structure– More complex folding: globular or spherical– Usually b/c of hydrophobicity
• Quaternary Structure– Multiple structures folded together
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Causes of Denaturation (changing shape)
What can cause a change in protein conformation/shape1. Temperature:
– Increase or decrease will possibly cause bonds to be disrupted.
2. pH– Disrupt the pattern of ionic attractions and
repulsions that contribute to tertiary structure. 3. Salt Concentration
– Disrupt the pattern of ionic attractions and repulsions
4. Solvents (liquids that dissolve)Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Nucleic Acids• Fxn: Store or transmit genetic information• Structure: contains H, O, N, C, P• MONOMER: Nucleotide
– Nucleotide made of three parts:• 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)• Phosphate• Nitrogen base (adenine, thymine, uracil, cytosine,
guanine)
• POLYMER: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Nucleotide Organization
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem