Post on 06-Apr-2018
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Before we study the
digestion system, we
need to know a littlemore about the food
that we put intoit.
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Why is food necessary?
-every living thing requires a constant supply of energy andmolecules
-The 200 000 chemical reactions that take place in the cells of
your body is called metabolism
Catabolic(catabolism)
large chemicals
broken down intosmaller
Anabolic (anabolism)-
complex chemicals
built from smaller onesWhat does this sound
like???
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Food supplies us with:
Macronutrients: carbohydrates, fats(lipids),proteins
Micronutrients: vitamins and minerals
Special Nutrient Water: involved in most
chemical reactions in the body
We will concentrate on the macronutrients!!
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What do we use macronutrients for?
make new cells
replace old and/or damaged cells
help tissues to grow
supply energy to the cells for cellular processes,this includes the physical and mental activities ofthe body (this is why we eat breakfast before anexam)
Note: All the macronutrients are organic compounds(contain the element carbon)
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MACRONUTRIENTS
CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINS FATS
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CARBOHYDRATES (pages 242-245)
means carbon water basically sugars in the ratio of
1 carbon: 2 hydrogens: 1 oxygen
formula of a hexose sugar ______________ A. Monosaccharides the simplest sugars that are thebuilding blocks for all the other sugars
Examples are
glucose, most important sugar in the body
fructose, fruit sugar
galactose, makes up milk sugar
All are isomers of each other
Same formula, different structures
What is similarabout these
words?
Lets see glucose! http://
cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/
http://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.html8/3/2019 Bio Chem 07
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B. Disaccharides
These are made up of two monosaccharides
Examples are
Sucrose table sugar
Lactose milk sugar
Maltose seeds of germinating plants
Formed by the process of dehydrolysis synthesis
Taking away a water molecule to join two molecules together
What is the formula for a disaccharide?
________________________________
Did you know that someone who is lactose intolerant does not
have the ability the break lactose down into themonosaccharides glucose and galactose?
The build up of lactose causes discomfort!
http://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.html8/3/2019 Bio Chem 07
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C. Polysaccharides
Many monosaccharides joined together
Some examples Cellulose component of plant cell walls that is impossible for
humans to digest
Starch plants store energy as starch, which is easy to digest (up
to 4 hours) Glycogen animals store this form in liver and muscles, when
the body needs glucose the liver breaks down glycogen and
releases glucose into the blood (*this is not found in plants*)
http://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://niko.unl.edu/bs101/pix/glycogen.gifhttp://images.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://www.bmb.psu.edu/courses/bisci004a/chemtutor/polysac2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.bmb.psu.edu/courses/bisci004a/chemtutor/carbs.htm&h=397&w=547&sz=103&tbnid=qOgtHAYUhB0J:&tbnh=94&tbnw=129&start=30&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dstarch%26start%3D20%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN8/3/2019 Bio Chem 07
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http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp
http://
science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.html
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13104http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP131048/3/2019 Bio Chem 07
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MACRONUTRIENTS
CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINS FATS
http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.html8/3/2019 Bio Chem 07
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PROTEINS (page 249-251) Why do we need them?
Structural components of ourcells (especially nerves,
muscles, skin and hair)
Used to make antibodies andenzymes
Can provide us with energy
(not the main function)
Our bodys arrangement of
proteins determines who we
are
http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.html8/3/2019 Bio Chem 07
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We digest protein into the smaller amino acids
which are absorbed and stored in our cells untilthey are needed
These amino acids are then directed by the DNAto form proteins the body needs
All amino acids must be present, or the protein isdismantled
What happens when we eat protein?
http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.html8/3/2019 Bio Chem 07
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What do they look like?
They are chains (8 thousands) of amino acids
There are 20 amino acids 8 of which are
essential because we cannot make them
Lets see!!
http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week2/2webi
two amino acids join together in the process ofdehydration synthesis
http://
www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/a
Two amino acids are called a dipeptide
Many amino acids are called a polypeptide
http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week2/2webimages/ch5-amino-acids.jpghttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/amino.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/amino.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/amino.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/amino.htmhttp://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week2/2webimages/ch5-amino-acids.jpg8/3/2019 Bio Chem 07
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What can happen to proteins?
Denaturation small changes that occur due to heatand pH, but can be reversed
Coagulation permanent damage to the protein
FYI sickle cell anemia is an error in the assembly of
2 of the 600 amino acids that make up a red blood
cell, causing it to be abnormally shaped
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304
http://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.htmlhttp://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP133048/3/2019 Bio Chem 07
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MACRONUTRIENTS
CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINSFATS
(LIPIDS)
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP133048/3/2019 Bio Chem 07
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FATS (LIPIDS) Page 246-247
What are lipids?
Class of organic compounds that are non-polar
so they are insoluble in waterYou need to be familiar with 3 types:
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Waxes
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP133048/3/2019 Bio Chem 07
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Why do we need lipids?
Important for storage of energy
100 g of fat = 3870 kJ of energy 100 g of carbos = 1680 kJ of energy
Key components in cell membranes
Cushions organsNeeded for fat soluble vitamins
Used to make hormones
Used to maintain body temperature
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP133048/3/2019 Bio Chem 07
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Types of lipids?
1. Triglycerides
Made up of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
What do you think a diglyceride or monoglyceridelooks like?
http://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htm
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htm8/3/2019 Bio Chem 07
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There are two types of unsaturated lipids:
Monounsaturated only one double bond
Polyunsaturated 2 or more double bonds
http://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htm8/3/2019 Bio Chem 07
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Made up of glycerol and 2 fatty acids and aphophate/choline group
This molecule has a polar and non polar end (just like
the cell membrane)
2.___________________________
http://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htm8/3/2019 Bio Chem 07
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3. WaxesFatty acids attached to carbon rings
Very stable insoluble moleculesUsed for waterproofing leaves or animal fur
and/or feathers
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?
=AP13204
Review:http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html
http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.html
http://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13204http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13204http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.htmlhttp://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13204http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP132048/3/2019 Bio Chem 07
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MICRONUTRIENTS
Used in small quantities Cannot be used for energy
1. Vitamins
Organic compounds that act as co-enzymes (activatean enzyme)
Fat soluble vitamins A,D,E,K stored in fat tissues and are
not excreted
Toxic in large doses
Water soluble vitamins B and C are not stored in body
and excreted in the urine
Large doses put strain on kidneys
http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.html8/3/2019 Bio Chem 07
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2. Minerals
Inorganic chemical elements
Major minerals Required in higher doses
Ca (bones), Mg, P (bones, ATP, DNA), K and Na
Trace minerals
Needed in minute amounts Includes Fe, Fl, Cu, Zn and more
ALL DONE!!!!!
http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.html