BELLWORKBELLWORK

Please take out your MAIN Please take out your MAIN foldables from Friday. If you foldables from Friday. If you were not here, grab a piece of were not here, grab a piece of paper and copy from another paper and copy from another student.student.

Review: What were the four Review: What were the four MAIN causes of WWI?MAIN causes of WWI?

MMilitarismilitarism AAllianceslliances IImperialismmperialism NNationalismationalism

The glorification of the military build-The glorification of the military build-up of sophisticated armies and up of sophisticated armies and navies.navies.

Caused mainly by the competition Caused mainly by the competition over colonies and protection of those over colonies and protection of those territories.territories.

Alliance:Alliance: An agreement between 2 An agreement between 2 or more countries where each will or more countries where each will defend each other if attacked.defend each other if attacked.Supposed to be a deterrent for Supposed to be a deterrent for

war. war. If you attack me you have to If you attack me you have to

fight them also.fight them also.

Great Britain (GB), France, Germany, Great Britain (GB), France, Germany, Russia, & ItalyRussia, & Italy All 5 competed over Africa, Asia/India, and the All 5 competed over Africa, Asia/India, and the

Caribbean/South America.Caribbean/South America. Disputes over boundaries and natural Disputes over boundaries and natural

resources resources Resulted in small conflicts, bitter feelings, and Resulted in small conflicts, bitter feelings, and

aggressive attitudes.aggressive attitudes. Made a military build up necessary.Made a military build up necessary.

Bottom line: It was all about the Bottom line: It was all about the MoneyMoney and the and the PPowerower!!

Pride and devotion towards one’s Pride and devotion towards one’s own Country or Heritage.own Country or Heritage.

Competition over money, land, Competition over money, land, military, resources, etc… thru:military, resources, etc… thru:ImperialismImperialismIndustrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

Smaller countries/groups fed off of Smaller countries/groups fed off of this growing nationalism to help this growing nationalism to help their causes (gain independence):their causes (gain independence):Serbia, Austria-HungarySerbia, Austria-Hungary

Bismarck was fearful of FranceBismarck was fearful of FranceIn 1882, Otto von Bismarck from In 1882, Otto von Bismarck from

GermanyGermany formed an alliance with formed an alliance with Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary

ItalyItaly joined in this alliance and it joined in this alliance and it became know as the became know as the Triple Alliance.Triple Alliance.

Wilhelm forced Bismarck to resignWilhelm forced Bismarck to resign

Triple EntenteTriple EntenteIn 1890 In 1890 FranceFrance, who was fearful of the , who was fearful of the

Triple Alliance formed an alliance with Triple Alliance formed an alliance with Russia Russia

1904 1904 Great Britain Great Britain also joined to form also joined to form an alliance known as the an alliance known as the Triple Triple Entente.Entente.

Russian also had an alliance with Russian also had an alliance with ((SerbiaSerbia).).

This This split Europe in half.split Europe in half.

Austria-Hungary (A-H) contained a Austria-Hungary (A-H) contained a large number of Slavic people.large number of Slavic people.

These These Slavs envisioned an empire Slavs envisioned an empire of their own.of their own.

Serbia supported this and pushed Serbia supported this and pushed for a Slavic nation called Yugoslavia.for a Slavic nation called Yugoslavia.

A-H was not willing to split its A-H was not willing to split its Empire up.Empire up.

The BalkansThe BalkansSo when A-H annexed, or took over, So when A-H annexed, or took over,

Bosnia-Herzegovina (from the failing Bosnia-Herzegovina (from the failing Ottoman Empire) Serbia was Ottoman Empire) Serbia was outragedoutraged

This further frustrated Serbia, and This further frustrated Serbia, and the Balkan region was close to the Balkan region was close to exploding with tension, creating a exploding with tension, creating a “POWDER KEG” “POWDER KEG”

The Spark!The Spark!

Archduke Franz Archduke Franz Ferdinand & wife Ferdinand & wife Sophie - heirs to Sophie - heirs to the throne in A-Hthe throne in A-H

Visit to Sarajevo Visit to Sarajevo – shot to death: – shot to death: June 28, 1914June 28, 1914

The UltimatumThe Ultimatum Assassination organized Assassination organized

by the “Black Hand” by the “Black Hand” (secret society) – (secret society) – Gavrilo Princip (Serbian)Gavrilo Princip (Serbian)

A-H gave Serbia an A-H gave Serbia an ultimatum with several ultimatum with several conditions conditions (with the (with the support of Germany)support of Germany)

Serbia did not agree to Serbia did not agree to all of themall of them

Austria used this as an Austria used this as an excuse to declare warexcuse to declare war

Label with the 4 Label with the 4 MAIN MAIN

causes and the causes and the spark that set it off spark that set it off

July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbiadeclared war on Serbia

Russia jumped in to support SerbiaRussia jumped in to support SerbiaEngland, Italy, & Germany urged A-England, Italy, & Germany urged A-

H to negotiate with Russia, but it H to negotiate with Russia, but it was too late!was too late!

All other allies join in. WWI has All other allies join in. WWI has begun.begun.

Russia had to defend Serbia or risk losing the Russia had to defend Serbia or risk losing the support of the Balkan Region. So it began to support of the Balkan Region. So it began to Mobilize.Mobilize.

Germany demanded Russia to step down, but Germany demanded Russia to step down, but Russia knew they had the backing of France.Russia knew they had the backing of France.

On August 1, 1914 Germany declared war on On August 1, 1914 Germany declared war on Russia, & 2 days later on France.Russia, & 2 days later on France.

Germany began an offensive against France Germany began an offensive against France by going through Belgium (a neutral by going through Belgium (a neutral country).country).

This angered G.B. and on August 4, 1914 This angered G.B. and on August 4, 1914 they declared war on Germany.they declared war on Germany.

BELLWORKBELLWORKPlease take out your WWI Please take out your WWI

booklets from yesterday. booklets from yesterday. Absent? Go grab your Absent? Go grab your TWOTWO sheets from the file.sheets from the file.

You will also need 3-6 colored You will also need 3-6 colored pencils/highlighters/markers pencils/highlighters/markers (whatever your preferred (whatever your preferred medium is)medium is)

Central PowersCentral Powers: Germany, Austria-: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, BulgariaHungary, Ottoman Empire, BulgariaCalled the central powers Called the central powers

because of the location of because of the location of Germany & A-H in EuropeGermany & A-H in Europe

Allied PowersAllied Powers: France, Great Britain, : France, Great Britain, Russia, Japan, Italy and the U.S. will Russia, Japan, Italy and the U.S. will join laterjoin later

Created by a Created by a German General German General named Alfred Von named Alfred Von Schlieffen in 1905.Schlieffen in 1905.

Germany knew it Germany knew it faced a two sided faced a two sided warwar, so Schlieffen , so Schlieffen created a war plan created a war plan

Schlieffen PlanSchlieffen Plan

Germany assumed it Germany assumed it would take Russia a would take Russia a long time to mobilize long time to mobilize at the start of war, at the start of war, so they planned on so they planned on attacking France attacking France first first and reach Paris and reach Paris in 6 weeks.in 6 weeks.

After securing After securing France they would France they would turn their attention turn their attention to Russia.to Russia.

1.1. Germany was too slow.Germany was too slow.• They attacked through a heavily fortified They attacked through a heavily fortified

Belgium, slowing the German army.Belgium, slowing the German army.

2.2. Faced Heavy resistance.Faced Heavy resistance.• From France and G.B. which slowed their From France and G.B. which slowed their

advance even more.advance even more.

3.3. Russia mobilized sooner than Russia mobilized sooner than expected.expected.• Germany had to send divisions to the east, Germany had to send divisions to the east,

weakening their attack in the west.weakening their attack in the west.

4.4. British forces in the north of France.British forces in the north of France.• This was an unexpected force Germany This was an unexpected force Germany

had to deal with.had to deal with.

Germany’s plan almost Germany’s plan almost succeed and by Sept. 5, succeed and by Sept. 5, 1914 they were 30 miles 1914 they were 30 miles from Paris.from Paris.

The Allies attack Germany The Allies attack Germany at the Marne River using at the Marne River using every available soldier and every available soldier and every automobile including every automobile including 600 taxicabs600 taxicabs

After 4 days of fighting, the After 4 days of fighting, the German generals called for German generals called for a retreat.a retreat.

Often called the single most Often called the single most important battle of the important battle of the war***war***

Battle of Verdun: February 1916Battle of Verdun: February 1916German offensive against France. German offensive against France. Lasts more than 6 months.Lasts more than 6 months.Both sides lose more than 300,000 menBoth sides lose more than 300,000 men

Battle of the Somme: July – Nov 1916Battle of the Somme: July – Nov 1916British launch attack on the German to British launch attack on the German to

relieve pressure on the French in the relieve pressure on the French in the Somme NW of Verdun.Somme NW of Verdun.

First day more than 20,000 British were First day more than 20,000 British were killedkilled

Combined losses – 1 million Combined losses – 1 million

BELLWORKBELLWORKPlease take out your WWI Please take out your WWI

booklets from yesterday. booklets from yesterday. Absent? Go grab your Absent? Go grab your TWOTWO sheets from the file.sheets from the file.

Discuss with a neighbor: Discuss with a neighbor: What do you know about What do you know about Trench Warfare?Trench Warfare?

To protect themselves from the new To protect themselves from the new weapons of the world, especially machine weapons of the world, especially machine guns, the soldiers dug deep trenches.guns, the soldiers dug deep trenches.

These trenches could be separated by a These trenches could be separated by a half mile or just a few yards.half mile or just a few yards.The area in between the trenches was known The area in between the trenches was known

as: “No Man’s Land”as: “No Man’s Land”No-man’s-land was filled with land mines, No-man’s-land was filled with land mines,

barbed wire, and anything else to slow an barbed wire, and anything else to slow an enemy down.enemy down.

No Man’s LandNo Man’s Land

No Man’s Land Cont.No Man’s Land Cont.

Trench Warfare Cont.Trench Warfare Cont.Soldiers attacked each other by going Soldiers attacked each other by going

“over the top of the trenches”“over the top of the trenches”Once they got out of the trenches they Once they got out of the trenches they

had to run across no-man’s-landhad to run across no-man’s-landAll the while the enemy was cutting them All the while the enemy was cutting them

down with machine guns, grenades, down with machine guns, grenades, artillery, snipers, soldier fire, and in some artillery, snipers, soldier fire, and in some cases flame throwers.cases flame throwers.

Rebuilt Rebuilt TrenchTrench

Reconnaissance Photo of German Trenches.Reconnaissance Photo of German Trenches.

French Trench/Injured French Trench/Injured SoldierSoldier

French TrenchFrench Trench

Russia was ill-equipped for warRussia was ill-equipped for war Allies had difficulty supplying Russia Allies had difficulty supplying Russia because because

Central Powers controlled all water access Central Powers controlled all water access surrounding Russiasurrounding Russia

After a short success the German and A-H After a short success the German and A-H forces pushed them backforces pushed them back

Russia’s greatest asset during the war was the Russia’s greatest asset during the war was the size of its military population.size of its military population.

Russia suffered massive losses, and had to Russia suffered massive losses, and had to leave the war early due to a Communist leave the war early due to a Communist revolt.revolt.

They signed a peace agreement with They signed a peace agreement with Germany in 1917 called “TGermany in 1917 called “The Treaty of he Treaty of Brest-Litovsk”Brest-Litovsk”

Both Germany and Great Britain tried to Both Germany and Great Britain tried to control the sea/Naval Rivalrycontrol the sea/Naval Rivalry

Great Britain created a blockade of all Great Britain created a blockade of all ports under German control. It was called ports under German control. It was called “The Hunger Blockade”.“The Hunger Blockade”.

Germany and its allies had to get their Germany and its allies had to get their supplies through neutral countries at a supplies through neutral countries at a very high cost.very high cost.

Germany tried to control the shipping Germany tried to control the shipping lanes to Great Britain by using U-Boats lanes to Great Britain by using U-Boats (submarines).(submarines).

German boats that German boats that were mostly were mostly submerged submerged and had a and had a “new weapon” …“new weapon” …

Merchant ships heading Merchant ships heading to Europe or G.B. were to Europe or G.B. were in constant danger of in constant danger of U-Boat attack.U-Boat attack.

British strategy: to British strategy: to defeat them, send one defeat them, send one merchant ship at a merchant ship at a time, so U-boats could time, so U-boats could not find them.not find them.

This strategy did not This strategy did not work very well. work very well.

U-BoatsU-Boats Germany was the Germany was the

first to use these.first to use these. Mainly for sinking Mainly for sinking

Merchant ships.Merchant ships. Germany sunk 3 Germany sunk 3

million tons of million tons of shipping.shipping.

Over 50% of Over 50% of sailors on U-Boats sailors on U-Boats died.died.

BELLWORKBELLWORKPlease take out your WWI Please take out your WWI

booklets from yesterday. booklets from yesterday. Absent? Go grab your Absent? Go grab your TWOTWO sheets from the file.sheets from the file.

Discuss with a neighbor: What Discuss with a neighbor: What were the new weapons that were the new weapons that made their first appearance in made their first appearance in WWI?WWI?

FlamethrowersFlamethrowersMachine GunMachine GunPoison GasPoison GasArtilleryArtilleryMortarsMortarsAirplanesAirplanesTanksTanks

Machine GunMachine Gun The cartridges were The cartridges were

inserted into cloth belts inserted into cloth belts and fed into machine and fed into machine guns which could fire guns which could fire 600 – 1,000 cartridges 600 – 1,000 cartridges per minute. per minute.

When the enemy would When the enemy would charge in the open, they charge in the open, they would be cut down by would be cut down by the hundreds. the hundreds.

major reason for the major reason for the digging of trenches so digging of trenches so that soldiers could that soldiers could escape their deadly hail escape their deadly hail of fire.of fire.

Soldiers were immediately “mowed down” by the machine gun.

Poison GasPoison Gas 1915: Germany - goal was to kill or 1915: Germany - goal was to kill or

incapacitate large numbers of the enemy so incapacitate large numbers of the enemy so that their men could charge unopposed and that their men could charge unopposed and take the enemy trenches. take the enemy trenches.

This worked until both sides perfected gas This worked until both sides perfected gas masks that protected them from the gas.masks that protected them from the gas.

TanksTanks Invented by the British and first used in 1916 Invented by the British and first used in 1916 armed with machine guns and cannons. armed with machine guns and cannons. designed so they could attack the enemy trenches designed so they could attack the enemy trenches

& break the trench lines while being protected from & break the trench lines while being protected from enemy fire.enemy fire.

Fastest Tanks was 8mphFastest Tanks was 8mph

ArtilleryArtillery Rapid-fire, breech loading artillery with great range Rapid-fire, breech loading artillery with great range These guns had bores that were as big as fourteen These guns had bores that were as big as fourteen

inches across and they fired shells the size of inches across and they fired shells the size of motorcyclesmotorcycles

Their purpose was to smash and kill the enemy before Their purpose was to smash and kill the enemy before you launched your attack against themyou launched your attack against them

Heavy Artillery on the Front Heavy Artillery on the Front LinesLines

FlamethrowerFlamethrower

A stream of gasoline that was ignited A stream of gasoline that was ignited at the muzzle of the flamethrower. at the muzzle of the flamethrower.

This jet of flaming fluid was then This jet of flaming fluid was then sprayed on the enemy to kill or sprayed on the enemy to kill or disable him. disable him.

Germans first used this as a shock Germans first used this as a shock weapon in 1916 to attempt to shock weapon in 1916 to attempt to shock the Allies out of their trenches.the Allies out of their trenches.

Flame ThrowerFlame Thrower

MortarsMortarsMortars were used to lob large shells Mortars were used to lob large shells

straight into the air so that they straight into the air so that they would fall directly into an enemy would fall directly into an enemy trench and destroy it. trench and destroy it.

ZeppelinsZeppelins

Basically Basically Large Blimps.Large Blimps.

Used for Used for Bombing Bombing raids.raids.

Precursor to Precursor to Bombers.Bombers.

London After a Zeppelin Attack!London After a Zeppelin Attack!

At the beginning of the war two-seater planes At the beginning of the war two-seater planes were used. were used.

It was the job of the observer to use a revolver, It was the job of the observer to use a revolver, rifle, or hand grenade against the enemy plane. rifle, or hand grenade against the enemy plane.

After single-seater planes were invented with After single-seater planes were invented with machine guns on the front, a system allowing machine guns on the front, a system allowing planes to have forward firing machine guns that planes to have forward firing machine guns that were synchronized with the propellers. were synchronized with the propellers.

AirplanesAirplanes Originally used for observation to keep a watch Originally used for observation to keep a watch

on enemy troop movements. on enemy troop movements. Eventually they were armed with machine guns Eventually they were armed with machine guns

and bombs. and bombs.

Later in the war, Later in the war, there were large there were large “dog fights” “dog fights”

These planes were These planes were also used to drop also used to drop bombs on the bombs on the enemy from the enemy from the air.air.

War in the Skies!War in the Skies!

Dogfights were air Dogfights were air battles fought at battles fought at close quarters. close quarters.

Pilots maneuvered Pilots maneuvered at speed in order at speed in order to gain a favorable to gain a favorable position from which position from which to shoot the to shoot the enemy.enemy.

Flying Was A VERY Dangerous Business!!!!!

Electric Fence!Electric Fence!

What was the main goal of most of these What was the main goal of most of these weapons?weapons?

What weapon was most responsible for What weapon was most responsible for starting trench warfare?starting trench warfare?

What weapon(s) was designed to overcome What weapon(s) was designed to overcome trench warfare? How did it do this?trench warfare? How did it do this?

One of these weapons was so cruel in its One of these weapons was so cruel in its effects on men that it has not been used in effects on men that it has not been used in war since. Which one do you think it is? war since. Which one do you think it is? Why?Why?

What revolution made all of these weapons What revolution made all of these weapons possible? Why?possible? Why?

Government takes over the economy Government takes over the economy Gov’t told companies what and how much Gov’t told companies what and how much

to produce.to produce.Factories forced to produce war materialsFactories forced to produce war materials

PropagandaPropaganda used to censor information used to censor information and create high moral for the war effort.and create high moral for the war effort.

RationingRationing: limited the civilian supply of : limited the civilian supply of goods that were essential to the war.goods that were essential to the war.Leather, meat, butter, sugar, metalLeather, meat, butter, sugar, metal

Total WarTotal War

Recruitment Recruitment of Soldiersof SoldiersFinancingFinancing the war effort through the the war effort through the

sale of war bonds.sale of war bonds.UnifyingUnifying the country behind the war. the country behind the war.ConservationConservation of resources. of resources.ParticipationParticipation in home-front in home-front

organizations to support the war organizations to support the war effort.effort.

Tools Used In Tools Used In Wartime Wartime

PropagandaPropaganda

DemonizationDemonizationPortraying the enemy as purely Portraying the enemy as purely evilevil, ,

menacing, murderous and aggressive. menacing, murderous and aggressive.

It is obvious whom the public should It is obvious whom the public should hate as the enemy is portrayed as a hate as the enemy is portrayed as a beast or the devil himself. beast or the devil himself.

Often the enemy is blamed for Often the enemy is blamed for committing atrocities against women, committing atrocities against women, children or other non-combatants.children or other non-combatants.

Emotional AppealsEmotional AppealsPlaying on people’s emotions Playing on people’s emotions

to promote the war effort. to promote the war effort. The emotion used most often The emotion used most often

is fear as that is considered is fear as that is considered the strongest emotion to the strongest emotion to compel people to action. compel people to action.

Name CallingName CallingUsing loaded labels to Using loaded labels to

encourage hatred of the encourage hatred of the enemy. Labels like enemy. Labels like “Commies,” “Japs”, and “Commies,” “Japs”, and “Huns” reinforce negative “Huns” reinforce negative stereotypesstereotypes

Patriotic AppealsPatriotic AppealsUsing patriotic symbols Using patriotic symbols or language to appeal or language to appeal to people’s national to people’s national pride, for example, the pride, for example, the flag, a Uncle Sam, etc…flag, a Uncle Sam, etc…

Half-Truths or LiesHalf-Truths or Lies

Deception or Deception or twisting the twisting the truthtruth. .

Some element of truth may Some element of truth may be included to make an be included to make an argument more persuasive argument more persuasive and believable.and believable.

Catchy SlogansCatchy SlogansUsing memorable phrases to Using memorable phrases to

foster support for the war effort. foster support for the war effort. For example, short phrases like For example, short phrases like

“Remember the Alamo!” have “Remember the Alamo!” have been very successful in been very successful in motivating Americans to strongly motivating Americans to strongly support the use of arms.support the use of arms.

Evocative Visual Evocative Visual SymbolsSymbols

Using symbols that appeal to Using symbols that appeal to people’s emotions – like people’s emotions – like statues, mothers and statues, mothers and children, a wounded soldier, - children, a wounded soldier, - to promote the war effort.to promote the war effort.

Humor or CaricaturesHumor or CaricaturesCapturing the viewer’s Capturing the viewer’s

attention through the use attention through the use of humor to promote the of humor to promote the war effort. war effort.

The enemy is almost The enemy is almost always the butt of the jokes always the butt of the jokes used by propagandists.used by propagandists.

Now that you have looked at several examples of wartime propaganda – you can make your own poster for your project. This can be counted as an “artifact”! Just follow the directions on the following slide!

Propaganda Poster Propaganda Poster

Use at least 1 wartime propaganda Use at least 1 wartime propaganda objective and 3 tools in your poster.objective and 3 tools in your poster.

Your poster should reflect the time Your poster should reflect the time period of WWI and be from a period of WWI and be from a European country European country

It needs to be your own creation – It needs to be your own creation – hand drawn, or you may use clip art hand drawn, or you may use clip art and the internet.and the internet.

Your poster must be colorful and Your poster must be colorful and creative.creative.

Women began to Women began to work in industries work in industries that were previously that were previously only held by men only held by men (munitions, (munitions, weapons, plowed weapons, plowed fields, etc…)fields, etc…)

Women left their Women left their jobs once the war jobs once the war was over, but it was was over, but it was an important show an important show of the capabilities of of the capabilities of the so-called the so-called “weaker” sex.“weaker” sex.

America was divided about the conflict.America was divided about the conflict.Irish and German Americans favored the Central Irish and German Americans favored the Central

Powers Powers English and Scottish Americans favored the English and Scottish Americans favored the

Allies Allies Majority of Americans felt it was a European Majority of Americans felt it was a European

conflict and they had no business in it.conflict and they had no business in it.Remain neutralRemain neutralPresident Woodrow Wilson was reelected President Woodrow Wilson was reelected

using the slogan:using the slogan:““He kept us out of War”He kept us out of War”

1. Sinking of the 1. Sinking of the LusitaniaLusitania in 1915.in 1915. 128 Americans died angering the public.128 Americans died angering the public.

2. February 1, 1917, Germany announced a plan 2. February 1, 1917, Germany announced a plan of of unrestricted submarine warfareunrestricted submarine warfare on any on any merchant ships heading to Europe or Great merchant ships heading to Europe or Great Britain.Britain. U.S. then broke of all diplomatic relations with U.S. then broke of all diplomatic relations with

Germany.Germany.

3. March 1917, 3. March 1917, The Zimmerman TelegramThe Zimmerman Telegram A telegram sent by Germany that was intercepted by A telegram sent by Germany that was intercepted by

G.B and passed to the U.S.G.B and passed to the U.S. Telegram asked Mexico to support Germany in Telegram asked Mexico to support Germany in

exchange for German support in getting New Mexico, exchange for German support in getting New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona back from the U.S.Texas, and Arizona back from the U.S.

4. Finally the last straw was the 4. Finally the last straw was the sinking of 4 sinking of 4 U.S. merchant ships U.S. merchant ships by German U-Boats.by German U-Boats.

On April 2, 1917 President Wilson asked On April 2, 1917 President Wilson asked Congress to declare war on GermanyCongress to declare war on Germany

The U.S. Began sending a number of The U.S. Began sending a number of merchant ships together (10-15).merchant ships together (10-15).

The ships were then surrounded by a The ships were then surrounded by a number of navy ships number of navy ships

This was a great target for U-Boats, but This was a great target for U-Boats, but the risk was extremely great.the risk was extremely great.

If a U-Boat shot at a convoy a Destroyer If a U-Boat shot at a convoy a Destroyer would break off and destroy the U-Boat.would break off and destroy the U-Boat.

With this system the Allies began to With this system the Allies began to turn the tide of the war. turn the tide of the war.

Even though the U.S. entered late they Even though the U.S. entered late they were the deciding factor in the war.were the deciding factor in the war.

U.S. gave:U.S. gave:Financial assistanceFinancial assistanceMilitary equipmentMilitary equipmentNavy gave support and new strategiesNavy gave support and new strategiesfresh troopsfresh troopsonly in the war for 18 months.only in the war for 18 months.

In July 1918, the Allies finally broke In July 1918, the Allies finally broke through the German Lines.through the German Lines.

It took another three months for It took another three months for Germany to surrender.Germany to surrender.

On November 11, 1918 Germany On November 11, 1918 Germany signed an armistice.signed an armistice.

Other Central Powers fell before Other Central Powers fell before Germany surrendered.Germany surrendered.

A-H was defeated by ItalyA-H was defeated by Italy

673 ships lost22 countries involved$186,333,637,000 spent on the war8,538,315 deaths!

The Paris Peace ConferenceThe Paris Peace Conference

The Treaty of VersaillesThe Treaty of Versailles

January 1919January 1919

Delegates from 27 Delegates from 27 nations gathered in Paris nations gathered in Paris to work out 5 separate to work out 5 separate peace treatiespeace treaties

The Big FourThe Big FourWoodrow Wilson (U.S.)Woodrow Wilson (U.S.)David LloydDavid Lloyd George (G.B.)George (G.B.)Vittorio Orlando (Italy)Vittorio Orlando (Italy)Georges Clemenceau (France)Georges Clemenceau (France)

These four made These four made mostmost of the decisions. of the decisions.

WilsonWilson Lloyd GeorgeLloyd George

OrlandoOrlando ClemenceauClemenceau

Leaders of Great Britain, Italy and France Leaders of Great Britain, Italy and France all wanted to punish Germany for the all wanted to punish Germany for the war.war.

Blamed Germany for the war and saw Blamed Germany for the war and saw them as the main aggressor.them as the main aggressor.

They wanted to seek revenge against They wanted to seek revenge against Germany and make sure Germany could Germany and make sure Germany could never again be an aggressor nation in never again be an aggressor nation in Europe.Europe.

Wilson on the other hand wanted a Wilson on the other hand wanted a peaceful settlement where no country peaceful settlement where no country would be punished.would be punished.He felt if you punish a country it would create He felt if you punish a country it would create

resentment and another world war could resentment and another world war could happen.happen.

Fourteen PointsFourteen Points

Wilson came with a 14-point plan.Wilson came with a 14-point plan.Called for the creation of the “League Called for the creation of the “League

of Nations”of Nations”Called for self-determination for Called for self-determination for

newly formed or freed countriesnewly formed or freed countriesFree trade and no secret treatiesFree trade and no secret treaties

(Most of Wilson’s points were ignored (Most of Wilson’s points were ignored or just used as bargaining tools)or just used as bargaining tools)

Treaty that ended WWI led to Treaty that ended WWI led to WWIIWWIIGermany had to pay war debt Germany had to pay war debt ($33 Billion)($33 Billion)

Germany stripped of colonies.Germany stripped of colonies.Germany lost military.Germany lost military.Germany lost land and mostly its Germany lost land and mostly its most productive (money earning) most productive (money earning) land.land.

League of NationsLeague of Nations

Precursor to the United Nations.Precursor to the United Nations.All nations would come together to All nations would come together to

work out their problems.work out their problems. If a country took matters into their If a country took matters into their

own hands, the League would step own hands, the League would step in.in.

America never signed the Treaty of America never signed the Treaty of Versailles because it feared it would Versailles because it feared it would get dragged into another world war.get dragged into another world war.

In the end most of Europe was not In the end most of Europe was not happy with the treaties.happy with the treaties.

People found themselves in a new People found themselves in a new country where they did not want to country where they did not want to be.be.

Huge amounts of territory lost Huge amounts of territory lost Germany collapsed into financial ruinGermany collapsed into financial ruinTotal war costs: BillionsTotal war costs: BillionsBitter feelings and the economic Bitter feelings and the economic

devastation faced by Germany left devastation faced by Germany left the possibility of another world war.the possibility of another world war.

Boundary Changes and the End of Boundary Changes and the End of EmpiresEmpires

In Europe country lines were re-drawn.In Europe country lines were re-drawn.An independent Poland was created from An independent Poland was created from

Germany, A-H, and Russia.Germany, A-H, and Russia.A-H was broken up and left a small weak A-H was broken up and left a small weak

country.country.New Nations were created in eastern New Nations were created in eastern

Europe creating buffer states between Europe creating buffer states between Russia and Germany.Russia and Germany.Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland,

Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.Middle East: Ottoman Empire ends - the Middle East: Ottoman Empire ends - the

Arab states were not given their Arab states were not given their independence as promised by the Alliesindependence as promised by the Allies

19141914 19191919

Name 5 countries that were created at the end of World War I:

List 4 countries created out of the Ottoman Empire: