Bellringer 11/17Bellringer 11/171. What is energy?1. What is energy?

2. What do the following have in common?2. What do the following have in common?

Reminders: HW #12, LAB FEE, Quiz #7 Next Wk!Reminders: HW #12, LAB FEE, Quiz #7 Next Wk!

Energy in the CellEnergy in the Cell

Photosynthesis and RespirationPhotosynthesis and Respiration

EnergyEnergy Energy- Energy- the ability to do workthe ability to do work The energy for living things is The energy for living things is

stored in chemical compoundsstored in chemical compounds 2 organelles are responsible for 2 organelles are responsible for

making those compounds for cells:making those compounds for cells: ChloroplastsChloroplasts- make food - make food

through photosynthesis in plantsthrough photosynthesis in plants MitochondriaMitochondria- release energy - release energy

through cellular respiration through cellular respiration

Where Does the Energy Come From?Where Does the Energy Come From?

Energy is stored in food!!!Energy is stored in food!!! PlantsPlants use sunlight to make their food. use sunlight to make their food.

Plants are Plants are autotrophsautotrophs——they make their they make their ownown food.food.

AnimalsAnimals and other organisms that cannot and other organisms that cannot use the sun’s energy directly must use the sun’s energy directly must consume food for energy and are called consume food for energy and are called heterotrophsheterotrophs

Chemical EnergyChemical Energy

Energy in food is stored in chemical Energy in food is stored in chemical bondsbonds

There are 3 main energy molecules There are 3 main energy molecules that cells use:that cells use: ATPATP (adenosine tri-phosphate) (adenosine tri-phosphate) ADPADP (adenosine di-phosphate) (adenosine di-phosphate) GlucoseGlucose (C (C66HH1212OO66)- carbohydrates)- carbohydrates

ATP and ADPATP and ADP ATP is made of:ATP is made of:

Adenine (a nitrogen compound)Adenine (a nitrogen compound) 5-carbon sugar5-carbon sugar 3 phosphate groups3 phosphate groups

ADP is made of:ADP is made of: Adenine (a nitrogen compound)Adenine (a nitrogen compound) 5-carbon sugar5-carbon sugar 2 2 phosphate groupsphosphate groups

So what’s the only difference between the two? So what’s the only difference between the two? The Phosphate Groups! 2 vs. 3The Phosphate Groups! 2 vs. 3

Why ATP?Why ATP?

Phosphates have a large amount of chemical energy. Phosphates have a large amount of chemical energy. Whenever a bond holding a phosphate is broken, a large Whenever a bond holding a phosphate is broken, a large amount of usable cellular energy is released.amount of usable cellular energy is released.

ADENOSINE P P P

ADENOSINE P P P

ENERGY

ATP CYCLEATP CYCLE Occurs continuously in cells Occurs continuously in cells About 10 million new ATP molecules are made in every cell About 10 million new ATP molecules are made in every cell

every second!!!every second!!!

ADP

1. Stored EnergyEnergy stored in chemical bonds.

2. Releasing EnergyEnergy released by breaking bonds – used to power cells

3. Energy DepletedADP has less chemical energy than ATP

4. Making ATP

Energy released by other chemical reactions and processes can be used to bond a phosphate to ADP to make ATP

+ P

ATP vs. ADPATP vs. ADP When you When you breakbreak chemical bonds you chemical bonds you

RELEASERELEASE energy energy The cell can The cell can storestore energy by energy by ADDINGADDING a a

phosphate group to ADP to become ATP.phosphate group to ADP to become ATP. ATP acts like a fully charged batteryATP acts like a fully charged battery

http://http://www.biologyinmotion.com/atp/index.htmlwww.biologyinmotion.com/atp/index.html

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/methuselah/phhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/methuselah/photosynthesis.htmlotosynthesis.html

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis PhotoPhoto: : using lightusing light SynthesisSynthesis: : to put to put

something togethersomething together >>>>>>The process in which The process in which

cells use light energy to cells use light energy to makemake carbohydrates (food) carbohydrates (food)

ReminderReminder: : takes place in takes place in chloroplastschloroplasts

Chlorophyl-Chlorophyl- pigment that pigment that traps light energy needed for traps light energy needed for photosynthesis- LAB on this photosynthesis- LAB on this on Wednesday!!!on Wednesday!!!

Photosynthesis SummarizedPhotosynthesis Summarized__ CO2 + __ H2O + light energy = __C6H12O6 + __O2

trapped by chlorophyl

But, we need to balance this equation…

So….

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6 O2

trapped by chlorophyl

This process contains light-dependent (requires This process contains light-dependent (requires sunlight) and light-independent reactions (no light sunlight) and light-independent reactions (no light needed) needed)

Can we guess which part is which?Can we guess which part is which?

Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration

The opposite of photosynthesisThe opposite of photosynthesis Instead of making food, we now break down Instead of making food, we now break down

that food to release energy that food to release energy ReminderReminder: takes place in the mitochondria: takes place in the mitochondria

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP (from plants) (for plants) (for our use)

Cellular Respiration StagesCellular Respiration Stages

3 Stages3 Stages Glycolysis-Glycolysis- takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)- in the mitochondria- in the mitochondria ETCETC (Electron Transport Chain)- in the inner membrane of (Electron Transport Chain)- in the inner membrane of

the mitochondriathe mitochondria To remember: To remember:

Glycolysis: Glycolysis: anaerobicanaerobic (no oxygen needed) (no oxygen needed) Citric Acid Cycle and ETC: Citric Acid Cycle and ETC: aerobicaerobic (need oxygen to go) (need oxygen to go)

Total energy after Cellular Respiration: 38 ATPTotal energy after Cellular Respiration: 38 ATP

Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation Happens when cells cannot Happens when cells cannot

get the oxygen they need for get the oxygen they need for cellular respirationcellular respiration

It’s a way to get energy It’s a way to get energy when oxygen isn’t availablewhen oxygen isn’t available

Ex: When running you Ex: When running you might get a burning feeling might get a burning feeling in your leg muscles because in your leg muscles because of lactic acid (produced of lactic acid (produced during fermentation)during fermentation)

What happens w/o O?What happens w/o O? Aerobic respiration -Aerobic respiration -

energy produced using energy produced using oxygenoxygen

Fermentation - an Fermentation - an anaerobic process anaerobic process producing energy without producing energy without oxygenoxygen Lactic AcidLactic Acid AlcoholicAlcoholic - used by - used by

yeast, bacteria, this is yeast, bacteria, this is how we make beer, how we make beer, cheese, bread, vinegar, cheese, bread, vinegar, wine and ciderwine and cider

Photosynthesis vs. RespirationPhotosynthesis vs. Respiration

Photosynthesis vs. RespirationPhotosynthesis vs. RespirationPhotosynthesis Respiration

Food made Food broken down

Energy from sunlight stored in glucose

Stored energy in glucose released

CO2 and H2O taken in CO2 and H2O given off

O2 given off O2 taken in

Occurs in the presence of chlorophyll- plants only

Occurs in all living organisms

Light needed No light needed

In Chloroplasts In Mitochondria

Overview of photosynthesis and Overview of photosynthesis and respirationrespiration

PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS CELLCELLACTIVITIESACTIVITIES

RESPIRATIONRESPIRATION

SUNSUN

RADIANT RADIANT ENERGYENERGY

GLUCOSEGLUCOSE ATP(ENERGY)ATP(ENERGY)

EQUATIONEQUATION FORFOR PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS

6CO6CO22 + + 6H6H22OO + +ENERGYENERGY CC66HH1212OO66 + + 6O6O22

CARBON CARBON DIOXIDEDIOXIDE

WATERWATER

GLUCOSEGLUCOSE

OXYGENOXYGEN

EQUATION FOREQUATION FOR RESPIRATIONRESPIRATION

CC66HH1212OO66 + +GLUCOSEGLUCOSE

6O6O22

OXYGENOXYGEN

6CO6CO22 ++

CARBON CARBON DIOXIDEDIOXIDE

6H6H22OO + +ENERGYENERGY

WATERWATER

ATPATP