Post on 04-Jan-2016
Beijing Wokshop, September 2002
Larval food (Artemia), larviculture and ecotoxicology group (UE partner 4)
Members: Dr. Francisco AmatDr. Francisco HontoriaDr. Juan Carlos NavarroDr. Inmaculada VaróÓscar MonroigGermán MedinaOlga Ruiz
Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas 12595 Ribera de Cabanes (Castellón) SPAIN
Distribution of A. persimilis and A. franciscana populations in Argentina
Presence of rare males in diploid parthenogenetic Artemia populations from the Old World
Updating of cyst bank and database
Distribution of A. persimilis and A. franciscana populations in Argentina (1)
Presence of Artemia franciscana North of 36º S and A. persimilis South of 37º S.
The population of A. franciscana from Las Tunas lagoon (33º 44´S) evidences a phenomenon of hybridisation or introgression: 50% males show n=22 chromosomes, and 50% n=21 chromosomes.
Laboratory crossbreeding experiments show reproductive isolation between A. franciscana (Mar Chiquita, Las Tunas) and A. persimilis (Salinas Grandes de Hidalgo) Argentinean populations.
Laboratory population from Las Tunas crossbreeds with Mar Chiquita (A. franciscana) population, and does not with Salinas Grandes de Hidalgo (A. persimilis) population.
Females
First discriminant function
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
Se
con
d d
iscr
imin
an
t fu
nct
ion
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
A. franciscana
A. persimilis
Great Salt Lake
Pichilemu
Atacama
Llamara
Los Vilos
Manaure
San Francisco Bay
Cabo Rojo
Ancash
Piura
Yapes
Salina Chica
Colorada Chica
Callaqueo
Hidalgo
Tunas Mar Chiquita
Guantánamo
Oaxaca
San Quintín
Chimus
Las Cumaraguas
Hípico
Grossos
Coche
San Luís Potosí
Pedro Luro
Yallahs
Yavaros
Cisnes
Laguna Amarga
Salinas GrandesCelestun
Females
First discriminant function
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
Sec
ond
disc
rimin
ant f
unct
ion
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3 A. franciscana
A. persimilis
Great Salt Lake
Hidalgo
Grossos
Oaxaca
Cabo Rojo
San Francisco
Ancash
San Quintín
Chimus
Hípico
Guantánamo
Las Tunas
Coche
Las Cumaraguas
Mar Chiquita
Salina Chica
Colorada Chica
Callaqueo
San Luís Potosí
Pedro Luro
Laguna Amarga
Cisnes
Yallahs
Yavaros
Celestun
Salinas Grandes
Males
Distribution of A. persimilis and A. franciscana populations in Argentina (2)
Laboratory populations from A. franciscana and A. persimilis in competition show different reproductive output in terms of oviparism/ovoviviparism.
Under suboptimal conditions of food availability A. persimils shifts immediately to oviparism, while A. franciscana always keeps moderate levels of ovoviviparism (> 13 %)
Under the same conditions (environmental, food availability) co-occurring populations from both species show different reproductive output. A. franciscana females show always higher fecundity than A. persimilis females.
Former results explain a competitive development under which A. franciscana population outcompetes completely A. persimilis .
30/0
4/01
14/0
5/01
28/0
5/01
11/0
6/01
25/0
6/01
09/0
7/01
23/0
7/01
06/0
8/01
20/0
8/01
03/0
9/01
17/0
9/01
01/1
0/01
15/1
0/01
29/1
0/01
12/1
1/01
26/1
1/01
10/1
2/01
24/1
2/01
07/0
1/02
21/0
1/02
04/0
2/02
18/0
2/02
04/0
3/02
18/0
3/02
01/0
4/02
15/0
4/02
29/0
4/02
13/0
5/02
27/0
5/02
10/0
6/02
24/0
6/02
08/0
7/02
22/0
7/02
05/0
8/02
perc
ent
0
20
40
60
80
100
Female franciscana
Male franciscana
Female persimilis
Male persimilis
Fem ovipFem vivFem inm
persimilis
franciscana
02/0
7/01
16/0
7/01
30/0
7/01
13/0
8/01
27/0
8/01
10/0
9/01
24/0
9/01
08/1
0/01
22/1
0/01
05/1
1/01
19/1
1/01
03/1
2/01
perc
ent
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
hatc
hing
(na
uplii
/g)
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000Female franciscana
Male franciscana
Female persimilis
Male persimilis
cysts per gramhatch at 24 h hatch at 30 h hatch at 48 h
num
ber
cyst
s/g
length persimilislength franciscanafecundity persimilisfecundity franciscana
Oviparous females
14/0
5/01
28/0
5/01
11/0
6/01
25/0
6/01
09/0
7/01
23/0
7/01
06/0
8/01
20/0
8/01
03/0
9/01
17/0
9/01
01/1
0/01
15/1
0/01
29/1
0/01
12/1
1/01
26/1
1/01
10/1
2/01
24/1
2/01
07/0
1/02
21/0
1/02
04/0
2/02
18/0
2/02
04/0
3/02
18/0
3/02
01/0
4/02
15/0
4/02
29/0
4/02
13/0
5/02
27/0
5/02
10/0
6/02
24/0
6/02
08/0
7/02
22/0
7/02
05/0
8/02
19/0
8/02
Leng
th (
mm
)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Fec
undi
ty (
# cy
sts
per
broo
d)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
length persimilislength franciscanafecundity persimilisfecundity franciscana
Ovoviviparous females
14/0
5/01
28/0
5/01
11/0
6/01
25/0
6/01
09/0
7/01
23/0
7/01
06/0
8/01
20/0
8/01
03/0
9/01
17/0
9/01
01/1
0/01
15/1
0/01
29/1
0/01
12/1
1/01
26/1
1/01
10/1
2/01
24/1
2/01
07/0
1/02
21/0
1/02
04/0
2/02
18/0
2/02
04/0
3/02
18/0
3/02
01/0
4/02
15/0
4/02
29/0
4/02
13/0
5/02
27/0
5/02
10/0
6/02
24/0
6/02
08/0
7/02
22/0
7/02
05/0
8/02
19/0
8/02
Leng
th (
mm
)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13F
ecun
dity
(#
cyst
s pe
r br
ood)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
Presence of rare males in diploid parthenogenetic Artemia populations from the Old World (1)
Rare males were found in 22 populations of Artemia
parthenogenetica (diploid) from the Old World: 9 populations in the Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal), 2 populations from Africa (Namibia and Egypt), and 11 populations from Eurasia (Italy, Ukraine, West Altai, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, Iran and India).
These rare males are morphologically different from those present in bisexual species or populations.
This “atavism” is more frequent in parthenogenetic populations from Central Eurasia (Iran, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Mongolia) and less frequent, or scarce, in peripheral Western (Iberian peninsula, Africa) and Eastern (China) populations.
Presence of rare males in diploid parthenogenetic Artemia populations from the Old World (2)
Although rare males seem useless in reproductive strategies for
parthenogenetic females, they are not sterile. They can mate and fertilize females from the bisexual strains or populations Artemia urmiana (lake Urmia, Iran) and Artemia sinica (lake Yuncheng, Shanxi, China), producing live offspring .
It is suspected that this rare male atavism could help to explain the origin of parthenogenetic strains (monophyletic?, polyphyletic?) from lineages leading to present-day Asiatic Artemia or from hybridization between two of the Asiatic bisexual species (A. urmiana and A. sinica).
Quantification of rare males found in diploid parthenogenetic populations of Artemia N= number of individuals studied from laboratory populationsmale/1000: ratio of males to 1000 individuals Origin N male/ Origin N male/
1000 1000 SPAIN and PORTUGAL EURASIA
La Mata lagoon (Alicante) 16,197 2-3 Marg. di Savoia salterns (Italy) 12,103 1Janubio salterns (Lanzarote) 13,092 0 Santa Gilla salterns (Italy) 4,647 1Odiel salterns (Huelva) 14,188 1 Kujalnik lake, Ukraina 12,656 7-8Sanlucar salterns (Cádiz) 12,202 1 Maloje Jar. Lake, W.Altai 8,031 1-2San Fernando salterns (Cádiz) 12,504 1 Bjurliu lake, Kazakhstan 18,946 9-10Calpe salterns (Alicante) 12,000 1 Urmia lake, Iran 4,689 17Bonmatí salterns (Alicante) 7,268 2-3 Ka lake, Inner Mongolia 10,931 5-6Gerri salterns (Lleida) 12,319 1 Dong Fang Hong salterns, China 8,920 1-2Aveiro salterns 18,105 2 Xiao Tan salterns, China 16,570 5-6
Yingkou salterns, China 5,920 1-2AFRICA Madras salterns, India 3,352 2-3
Walvis Bay, Namibia 10,066 1Wadi Natron, Egypt 4,947 1
First discriminant function
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4
Sec
ond
dis
crim
inan
t fu
nct
ion
-4
-2
0
2
4
A
2
2
P
2
2
2
AA
A
A
P
A
A
A AA
A 2
2
A
KazakhstanA. urmianaA. salinaA. sinica
diploid A. parthenogenetica2
A. persimilisP
A. franciscanaA
Ancash
San Quintín
Laguna Amarga
Guantánamo
Great Salt Lake
Wadi Natron
Kazakhstan
Bonmatí
Trapani
Santa Gilla
Megriné
Melghir
Garaet et Tarf
Cagliari
Yungcheng
Calpe
Aveiro
La Mata
Odessa
Ka
Bjurliu
Hidalgo
Urmia
Yavaros
SèteEl Estanquillo
INVE (2002)
Rio Frio
Bon FimAigues Mortes Urmia (P)
Souzama
San Francisco Bay
Males
Updating of cyst bank and database (1)
The present cyst collection held at the IATS-CSIC contains about 280 samples: 146 from Western Europe, 24 from Asia, 16 from Africa and 94 from the Americas.
The updating of cyst bank is mainly focused now to the study of samples coming from countries neighbouring Spain, specially Portugal, France , Italy and North Africa countries.
The biogeography and biodiversity of Artemia populations in Spain
are well known (Amat et al., 1995), and changes about it were not expected, unless undue allochthonous species introduction.
A similar situation was reported from Portugal and France since the early 80´s. Narciso (1989) and Thiery & Robert (1992) rendered preliminary information on the presence of A. franciscana populations in Portugal and France, respectively.
Updating of cyst bank and database (2)
Cyst samples from Portugal, France, Spain and Morocco, present in the IATS-CSIC bank, and collected between 1991 and 2002, produced A. franciscana populations .
Preliminary research on Italian cyst samples (Tarquinia, Carloforte) are showing, up today, autochthonous Artemia populations (A. salina and A. parthenogenetica).
The suspected absolute presence of A. franciscana in Portugal and France is endangering the biodiversity of Spanish autochthonous populations in the South of Spain (Cadiz and Huelva) at short-medium (?) term, and of the Mediterranean Spanish autochthonous populations at medium-long (?) term.
Amat, F., Barata, C., Hontoria, F., Navarro, J.C., Varó, I. 1995. Int. J. Salt Lake Res., 3: 175-190.Narciso, L. 1989. EAS Special Publ., 10: 183-184.Thiery, A. and Robert, F. 1992. Int. J. Salt Lake Res.,1: 47-63.
First discriminant function
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
Sec
ond
dis
crim
inan
t fu
nct
ion
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
4
2
4
2
4 4
4
P
2
2
2
4
2
A
A
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
AA
P
A
3
2
2
4
2 A
AA
A
A
4
2
2
2
A
2
A
Kazakhstan
A. urmianaA. salina
A. sinica
A. franciscanaA
A. persimilisP
tetraploid A. parthenogenetica4
triploid A. parthenogenetica3
diploid A. parthenogenetica2
Añana
Ebro delta
Embolon
Bonmatí (T)
PinillaPétrola
CalpeGuantánamo
Garaet et Tarf
Cagliari
Bonmatí (B)
Wadi Natron (B)
Santa Gilla
Mègrine
Melghir
Trapani (B)
Yuncheng
Tanggu
Madras
Odessa
Sri Lanka
Fuzhou
Aveiro
Trapani (P)
Izmir
Bjurliu
Kazakhstan
La Mata
Yingkou
Wadi Natron (P)
Maloje Jarovoe
Xiao Tan
Ka
San Quintín
Great Salt Lake
San Francisco Bay
Hidalgo Laguna Amarga
Ancash
Urmia
Souzama
Yavaros
Sète
El Estanquillo
Rocío
Odiel (D)
Odiel (T)
Urmia (P)Ankiembe
INVE (2002)
Rio Frio
Bon Fim
Aigues Mortes
Dong Fang Hong
Females
First discriminant function
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4
Sec
ond
dis
crim
inan
t fu
nct
ion
-4
-2
0
2
4
A
2
2
P
2
2
2
AA
A
A
P
A
A
A AA
A 2
2
A
KazakhstanA. urmianaA. salinaA. sinica
diploid A. parthenogenetica2
A. persimilisP
A. franciscanaA
Ancash
San Quintín
Laguna Amarga
Guantánamo
Great Salt Lake
Wadi Natron
Kazakhstan
Bonmatí
Trapani
Santa Gilla
Megriné
Melghir
Garaet et Tarf
Cagliari
Yungcheng
Calpe
Aveiro
La Mata
Odessa
Ka
Bjurliu
Hidalgo
Urmia
Yavaros
SèteEl Estanquillo
INVE (2002)
Rio Frio
Bon FimAigues Mortes Urmia (P)
Souzama
San Francisco Bay
Males