Be able to read and understand the block

The Periodic Table

Why is the Periodic Table important to me?

• The periodic table is the most useful tool to a chemist.

• You get to use it on almost every test.

• It organizes lots of information about all the known elements.

Pre-Periodic Table Chemistry …

• …was a mess!!!• No organization of

elements.• Imagine going to a

grocery store with no organization!!

• Difficult to find information.

• Chemistry didn’t make sense.

Dmitri Mendeleev: Father of the Table

• Russian Chemist• Mendeleev was the first

scientist to notice the relationship between the elements

• Published the first version of the periodic table in 1869

• Arranged elements according to increasing atomic mass

• His periodic table had gaps

Mendeleev’s Table

Why do you think there are question marks here?Image taken from: http://www.chemsoc.org/networks/learnnet/periodictable/post16/develop/mendeleev.htm

Mendeleev’s Published Periodic Table of Elements

Mendeleev’s Predictions

• Although Mendeleev’s Periodic Table of Elements had missing elements or “gaps,” he was able to predict the characteristics of these missing elements because of Periodic Law.

Date Predicted

1871 Date Discovered

1886

Atomic Mass 72 Atomic Mass 72.6

Density 5.5 g/cm3 Density 5.47 g/cm3

Bonding Power

4 Bonding Power

4

Color Dark Gray Color Grayish White

“Ekasilicon” GermaniumNotice how

Mendeleev’s predictions

(orange column) were

veryaccurate when compared to Germanium’s

actual characteristics

(green column)

Dmitri Mendeleev: Father of the Table

HOW HIS WORKED…

• Put elements in rows by increasing atomic mass.

• Put elements in columns by the way they reacted.

SOME PROBLEMS…• He left blank spaces

for what he said were undiscovered elements. (Turned out he was right!)

• He broke the pattern of increasing atomic mass to keep similar reacting elements together.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fPnwBITSmgUhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvRcUeWjBu0

Henry Moseley (1887-1915)• Made improvements to

Mendeleev’s Periodic Table• Moseley later discovered that

the periodic nature of the elements was associated with atomic number, not atomic mass

• Arranged elements by atomic number instead of mass

• Realized that there were still undiscovered elements

The Current Periodic Table

• Mendeleev wasn’t too far off.

• Henry Moseley rearranged the periodic table and now the elements are put in rows

by increasing ATOMIC NUMBER!!

• The horizontal rows are called periods and are labeled from 1 to 7.

• The vertical columns are called groups are labeled from 1 to 18.

Groups…Here’s Where the Periodic Table Gets Useful!!

• Elements in the same group have similar chemical and physical properties!!

• (Mendeleev did that on purpose.)

• Why??• They have the same

number of valence electrons, number of electrons on the last energy level.

• They will react with other elements in similar ways.

Valence electrons-How many electrons are in the outermost

shell?

SiGe

Families on the Periodic Table

• Columns are also grouped into families.

• Families may be one column, or several columns put together.

• Families have names rather than numbers. (Just like your family has a common last name.)

Families of the Periodic Table

What’s in a square?• Different periodic tables

can include various bits of information, but usually:– atomic number 1– Symbol H– atomic mass 1.0007– number of valence

electrons– state of matter at room

temperature.

Representative Elements• Groups 1-2 & 13-18• 1 Alkali Metals• 2 Alkaline Earth Metals• 13 The Boron Family• 14 The Carbon Group• 15 The Nitrogen Group• 16 The Oxygen Group• 17 The Halogens• 18 The Noble Gases

Transition Elements

• Groups 3-12

• Transition Elements

• All transition elements are metals.

• Group 11 (The Coinage Metals)

• The Lanthanides

• The Actinides

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OairdijvADE

• Summary

• End of first Powerpoint

Hydrogen• Hydrogen belongs to a family

of its own.

• Hydrogen is a diatomic, reactive gas.

• Hydrogen was involved in the explosion of the Hindenberg.

• Hydrogen is promising as an alternative fuel source for automobiles

Alkali Metals• 1st column on the

periodic table (Group 1) not including hydrogen.

• Very reactive metals, always combined with something else in nature (like in salt).

• Soft enough to cut with a butter knife

Alkali Metals

• http://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/science/chemistry/alkali-metals

Alkaline Earth Metals

• Second column on the periodic table. (Group 2)

• Reactive metals that are always combined with nonmetals in nature.

• Several of these elements are important mineral nutrients (such as Mg and Ca)

Transition Metals

• Elements in groups 3-12

• Less reactive harder metals

• Includes metals used in jewelry and construction.

• Metals used “as metal.”

Boron Family

• Elements in group 13

• Aluminum metal was once rare and expensive, not a “disposable metal.”

Carbon Family• Elements in group 14• Contains elements

important to life and computers.

• Carbon is the basis for an entire branch of chemistry.

• Silicon and Germanium are important semiconductors.

Nitrogen Family• Elements in group 15

• Nitrogen makes up over ¾ of the atmosphere.

• Nitrogen and phosphorus are both important in living things.

• Most of the world’s nitrogen is not available to living things.

• The red stuff on the tip of matches is phosphorus.

Oxygen Family or Chalcogens

• Elements in group 16

• Oxygen is necessary for respiration.

• Many things that stink, contain sulfur (rotten eggs, garlic, skunks,etc.)

Halogens• Means salt former

• Elements in group 17

• Very reactive, volatile, diatomic, nonmetals

• Always found combined with other elements in nature .

• Used as disinfectants and to strengthen teeth.

The Noble Gases

The Noble Gases

• Elements in group 18• VERY unreactive,

monatomic gases• Used in lighted “neon”

signs• Used in blimps to fix the

Hindenberg problem.• Have a full valence

shell.

• http://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/science/chemistry/noble-gases

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uy0m7jnyv6U

• Meet the Elements

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-wu0LixSBpk

http://laughingsquid.com/the-periodic-table-of-elemental-discoveries-by-country/

• Elements on the periodic table can be grouped into families bases on their chemical properties.

• Each family has a specific name to differentiate it from the other families in the periodic table.

• Elements in each family

react differently with

other elements.

Families on the Periodic Table

•Each row is called a “period”

•The elements in each period have the same number of shells

www.chem4kids.com

•Each column is called a “group”

•Each element in a group has the same number of electrons in their outer orbital, also known as “shells”.

Except for He, it has 2 electrons

•The electrons in the outer shell are called “valence electrons”

www.chem4kids.com

Periodic table song

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zUDDiWtFtEM&feature=youtube_gdata_player

• "Hunting the Elements" NOVA special http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ct3ubD47gTE

(2012) NOVA show Hunting The Elements http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/physics/hunting-elements.html

lecture series with Peter Wothers is really, really good: The Modern Alchemist: Air : Ri Channel  It covers something we all experience with every breat

This PowerPoint was kindly donated to

www.worldofteaching.com

http://www.worldofteaching.com