Post on 03-Jun-2018
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CONTENTS
Objectives
Scope and Limitations
Overview
Single Line Diagram
First Private Pole
Whats inside the Substation
Operation
Maintenance
Questions
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OBJECTIVESAt the end of the lecture, the participants should be able to:
Identify the basic parts of First Private Pole
Visualize the typical substation installation that SM has.
Identify the major elements of a substation.
Know the basic monitoring and operation procedures.
Know the standard maintenance program and procedures.
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OVERVIEW
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Substation
A. Classification According to Requirement:
Transformer Substation
Switching Substation
Power Factor Correction Substation
Frequency Changer Substation
Converting Substation
Industrial Substation
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Substation
B. Classification According to Construction Features:
Outdoor Substation
Indoor Substation
Underground Substation
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SMCLS 5MVA INDOOR SUBSTATION
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Aerial view
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Definition
Electrical Substation:
a subsidiary station of an electricity generation,transmission and distribution system where voltage istransformed from high to low or the reverse usingtransformers
Performs switching, which is the connecting anddisconnecting of transmission lines or other components toand from the system
Used to switch generators, equipment, and circuits or lines
in and out of a system SM Calamba Electrical SLD-feb2012-SHORT-B.pdf
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/SM%20Calamba%20Electrical%20SLD-feb2012-SHORT-B.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/SM%20Calamba%20Electrical%20SLD-feb2012-SHORT-B.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/SM%20Calamba%20Electrical%20SLD-feb2012-SHORT-B.pdf8/12/2019 Basic Substation Lecture
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11 | SM Indoor Substation | 17 Oct 2012 | CPDelosReyes
Typical Single Line Diagram
SM Calamba Electrical SLD-feb2012-SHORT-B.pdf
SLD of LBS Actual Photo of LBS on FPP
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/SM%20Calamba%20Electrical%20SLD-feb2012-SHORT-B.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/SM%20Calamba%20Electrical%20SLD-feb2012-SHORT-B.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/SM%20Calamba%20Electrical%20SLD-feb2012-SHORT-B.pdf8/12/2019 Basic Substation Lecture
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Closer Look of the FPP
Incoming 34.5kVlines from Meralco
Suspension
Insulators
Termination Kit
XLPE (tosubstation)
a bc
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Closer Look of the FPP
LBS
Power Fuse:150E, Cat#134250R4 , 34.5kV,S&C Electric Co.
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Whats inside the Substation?
MVSG1
MVSG2
T1
T2
LVSG1
LVSG2
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Switchgear
A switching and interrupting device combined withassociated control, regulating, metering, and protectivedevices, used primarily in connection with the generation,transmission, distribution, and conversion of electric power.
MVSG
Medium Voltage Switchgear, rated 34.5kV
Used to connect or disconnect a part of a medium-voltage
power system. directly linked to the quality of the electricity supply
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17 | SM Indoor Substation | 17 Oct 2012 | CPDelosReyes
MVSG
280cm
250cm
173cm
T1
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MVSG: inner view
VCB PT
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VCB SLD
CurrentTransformer
VCB
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Representation of vaccum interrupterChamber in VCB
with rated currentup to 3000 A,interrupts thecurrent by creatingand extinguishing
the arc in a vacuumcontainer
For 34.5kV
have longer life
expectanciesbetween overhaulthan do air circuitbreakers.
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MVSG Metering Devices
PQMII PQ Meter
provides meteringfor current, voltage,real power, reactive
power, apparentpower, energy use,cost of power, powerfactor, andfrequency.
True RMS monitoring of Ia, Ib, Ic, In, Van, Vbn, Vcn,Vab, Vbc, Vca, voltage/current unbalance, power factor,line frequency, watts, vars, VA, Wh, varh, VAh, anddemand readings for A, W, vars, and VA.
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MVSG Metering Devices
Feeder ProtectionRelay: Features
Time delayovercurrent either
phase or groundfault
Instantaneousovercurrent
Thermal ImageProtection
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Transformer
Oil Immersed PowerTransformer
transforms voltage fromhigh to low or the reverse
with the windingsimmersed in a highly-refined transformer oil thatremains stable attransformer operatingtemperatureInstantaneous overcurrent
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TransformerOil Immersed Power
Transformer indoor or outdoor,
normally for temperatureno lower than -5C.
Ambient temperaturemust not exceed 40Cand minimum -5C
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Transformer
The operation of the transformer is based onelectromagnetic theory proposed by Lenz and furtherdeveloped by Maxwell.
When a current flows through a conductor, a magneticfield is produced.
By placing another conductor within that magnetic field,a voltage is induced in that conductor. This principleprovides the basis for transformer action. The transformertransfers power by electromagnetic induction between
circuits at the same frequency, but at different voltageand current.
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Heinrich Lenz
The induced current in the copper ring creates its
own magnetic field that opposes the magnetic fieldthat created it
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Michael Faraday
faradays-law_en.jar
Any change in the magneticenvironment of a coil of wire willcause a voltage (emf) to be
"induced" in the coil. No matter howthe change is produced, the voltagewill be generated. The change couldbe produced by changing themagnetic field strength, moving a
magnet toward or away from thecoil, moving the coil into or out ofthe magnetic field, rotating the coilrelative to the magnet, etc
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/faradays-law_en.jarhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/faradays-law_en.jarhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/faradays-law_en.jar8/12/2019 Basic Substation Lecture
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James Clerk Maxwell
Static magnetic fields lines ALWAYSform closed loops. They encirclemoving charges according to theright hand rule.
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James Clerk Maxwell
There is another source of electric andmagnetic fields, when either of thosefields changes with time:
Changing magnetic fields is asource of electric fields
Changing electric fields are a sourceof magnetic fields
The fields produced by this changeare called dynamic or induced fields
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Step downtransformer:
Ns < Np
Others:
Step-down transformer
Autotransformer
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1 Filling & pressure relief cap
2 oil level
3 air breather4 thermometer
5 drain valve
6 gas relay
7 mv bushings
8 lv bushings
9 tap changer
1
2
4
5
6
7
8
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36 | SM Indoor Substation | 17 Oct 2012 | CPDelosReyes
Gas Relay or Buccholz relay
mounted on the pipe connecting thehighest part of the transformer tankand the conservator
first stage detects the slowaccumulation of gas generated froman incipient or minor fault, such as
damaged winding or core insulation,loose connections, etc.
second stage operates on the sudden rise in oil pressure inthe main tank caused by faults of a major nature, such as
internal flash overs, short circuited turns, etc. The first stage is used for alarm, and the second stage is
used for trip.
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LVSG
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38 | SM Indoor Substation | 17 Oct 2012 | CPDelosReyes
Inner view of LVSG
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39 | SM Indoor Substation | 17 Oct 2012 | CPDelosReyes
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LVSG
Used to connect ordisconnect a part of alow-voltage powersystem.
tie breaker
ATS
Normal CB
Emergency CB
Feeder CBs
Capbank CB
Metering devices
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ATS and Tie CB
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ATS and Tie CB
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Air Circuit Breakers
rated current up to 10,000 A
trip characteristics are often fully adjustable includingconfigurable trip thresholds and delays.
Usually electronically controlled, though some models aremicroprocessor controlled via an integral electronic tripunit.
Common Brand installed: GE (Powerbreak II andEntelliguard)
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Air Circuit Breakers for LVSG
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Entelliguard: Tie, Normal & Emergency
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Power Break II: Feeder CBs
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Power Break II: Manual Operation
The circuit breaker closing spring
is energized by the size operationof the retractable pump handle
Depress the PUSH ONbutton to close the breaker
contact
The circuit breaker openingspring are automatically charged
when the breaker is closed Depress the PUSH OFF
button to open the breakercontact
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ON/OFFINDICAT
OR
MAIN BREAKER
CONTACTS
CHARGING
SPRINGINDICATOR
CONDITIONOF
CHARGINGSPRING
NEXT PERMISSIBLE OPERATING
FUNCTION
OFF OPEN DISCHARGED DISCHARGEDCLOSING SPRINGS MAY BECHARGED
OFF OPEN CHARGEDFULLYCHARGED
CONTACTS MAY BE CLOSED
ON CLOSED DISCHARGED DISCHARGEDCONTACTS MAY BE OPENED, ORCLOSING COIL MAY BE CHARGED
ON CLOSED CHARGEDFULLYCHARGED
CONTACTS MAY BE OPENED
OFF OPEN CHARGEDFULLYCHARGED
CLOSING SPRING MAY BEDISCHARGED WITHOUTCLOSING CONTACTS BYDEPRESSING OFF BUTTONWHILE PUSHING ON BUTTON
Power Break II: Manual Operation
G E S b t ti M it i
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Communication Wire (Twisted Pair)
Feeder (MVT)
Meter & Relay
Concentrator
Multinet
MultilinkPMCS/CIMPLICITYEnervista ViewpointMonitoring
G.E. Substation Monitoring
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What data do we get from the substationmonitoring?
Phase and Line Voltages, Currents
kVA, kW, kWH (with min, ave and max values)
Trending reports (graph of the parameters)
Per minute, hourly, daily
Trip unit set points/settings
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Sample data
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Substation MonitoringThough there is Enervista, Substation electricians shalllog / monitor the following:
MVSG and LVSG readings phase and line currents,kW, kWH, kVA, pf
Daily kwH reading of Main Meter and feeder metersinside substation
CB tripping
Fluctuations
Interruptions
Abnormalities: oil leak, burnt bus bars/wires, hightemp, water leak, busted pilot lamps
Housekeeping
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How to start the Genset in Auto using MVSG
Toggle selector toTRIP; toggle toCLOSE to normalize
Used during Genset loadtest
Used only when there isa need to isolate thenormal supply
Note: no synchronizingpanel for gensets
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How to start the Genset in Auto using LVSG
Select Emergency toAUTO
Toggle Normal to Test
Used only during no
load test Note: no synchronizing
panel for gensets
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When to use the tie CB at Normal Power
When one Bank is down (no power supply to oneMVSG; one transformer is down)
When to use the tie CB at Emergency Power
At night, when load is too low to be supplied by alltwo gensets (e.g. for a substation with two banks)
When one genset is down
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How to use the tie CB (Emergency Power)
Select the flow of the power on the tie CB (e.g. from LVSG
1 to LVSG 2) Unlock the LOTO of the tie CB
Open Normal CB of LVSG 2
Select Manual for the Emergency Selector
Charge the tie CB
Depress button CLOSE of tie CB
Note: you may also turn-off all CBs of bank 2 before
energizing the tie CB, then select which among the feedersyou desire to energize
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How to return to
Select the flow of the power on the tie CB (e.g. from LVSG
1 to LVSG 2)
Unlock the LOTO of the tie CB
Open Normal CB of LVSG 2
Select Manual for the Emergency Selector
Charge the tie CB
Depress button CLOSE of tie CB
Note: you may also turn-off all CBs of bank 2 beforeenergizing the tie CB, then select which among the feedersyou desire to energize
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Substation Preventive Maintenance
MVSG, Transformer, LVSG, Cap Banks
Semi-annual Thermal Scanning
Retightening / correction to be done only when criticalhotspot is detected
Cleaning to be done only when dirty along with theretightening
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Substation Preventive Maintenance
Transformer
Annual DGA
Correction to be done only when anomaly is observedon DGA result