Basic Botany for Master Basic Botany for Master G dG dGardenersGardeners

Jeff SchalauJeff SchalauAgent, Agriculture & NaturalAgent, Agriculture & NaturalAgent, Agriculture & Natural Agent, Agriculture & Natural ResourcesResourcesUniversity of Arizona CooperativeUniversity of Arizona CooperativeUniversity of Arizona Cooperative University of Arizona Cooperative Extension, Yavapai Extension, Yavapai CountyCounty

Plant Functions: the Big Plant Functions: the Big ggPicturePicture

Capture and store enough energy to survive and reproduce (earn a living)p ( g)Out compete neighborsAdapt to a variety of environmentsAdapt to a variety of environmentsAdapt to herbivoryAdapt to changing environments

Scientific NamesScientific NamesScientific NamesScientific Names

Kingdom Kingdom –– PlantaePlantaeDivisionDivisionClassClassOrderOrderOrderOrderFamilyFamilyGenusGenusGenusGenusSpeciesSpeciesS b i V i t C ltiS b i V i t C ltiSubspecies, Variety, or CultivarSubspecies, Variety, or Cultivar

Plant DiagramPlant DiagramPlant DiagramPlant Diagram

LeafStemStemBudR tRootFlower

Movement of Water and Movement of Water and MaterialsMaterials

XylemXylem conducts water and

Xylem

mineral nutrients upward to leavesleavesPhloem conducts sugars proteinssugars, proteins, etc. downward from leavesfrom leaves

Woody Plant StructureWoody Plant StructureWoody Plant StructureWoody Plant Structure

Cambium is the thin layer of cells that form xylem to the inside and phloem to the outside

Woody Plant GrowthWoody Plant GrowthWoody Plant GrowthWoody Plant Growth

Secondary Growth Secondary Growth yyAnimationAnimation

http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10vhttp://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/media/ch18/secondary growth v2.ht/media/ch18/secondary growth v2.ht/ / / y_g _/ / / y_g _mlml

Features and Terms Features and Terms Describing StemsDescribing Stems

NodesInternodes

StolonCrown

ShootTwig

SpurTuberg

BranchTrunk

ubeRhizomeBulbTrunk

WoodySucculent

BulbCorm

Succulent

LeavesLeavesLeavesLeaves

Venation/Shape– Parallel– Pinnate– Palmate

d– Compound

ArrangementAlt t– Alternate

– Opposite– Whorled– Whorled– Sessile

Leaf AnatomyLeaf Anatomyyy

FlowersFlowers

How do plants reproduce?

Seed AnatomySeed AnatomySeed AnatomySeed Anatomy

ion

ion

nati

nati

rmin

rmin

Ge

Ge

eed

eed

SS

RootsRootsRootsRoots

Function– Anchor– Absorb nutrients and– Absorb nutrients and

water– Food storage

Root hai sRoot hairsLateral rootsRoot capRoot capSecondary growth in woody plants

Root StructureRoot Structure

Tap root Fibrous roots

Ph t th iPh t th iPhotosynthesisPhotosynthesisTh f ll f d d th l tThe source of all food and oxygen on the planetInvolves an input of light energy from the sunConverts light energy into chemical energyConverts light energy into chemical energy (carbohydrates, then proteins, fats, and nucleic acids))Requires light, carbon dioxide (CO2), and water (H2O).Products are sugar (C6H12O6), and oxygen (O2).Occurs in plant structures called chloroplasts that are rich with the pigment chlorophyllare rich with the pigment chlorophyll

Chemical Reaction during Chemical Reaction during ggPhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

Light Carbon Dioxide + Water º Sugar + Oxygen

LightCO + H O º C H O + OCO2 + H2O º C6H12O6 + O2

Why do plants do this?

It seems like a lot of work.

Where does photosynthesis Where does photosynthesis p yp yoccur?occur?

Chlorophyll

Chloroplasts

LeavesLeaves

Another look at Another look at photosynthesisphotosynthesis

Light and WavelengthLight and WavelengthLight and WavelengthLight and Wavelength

Aerobic RespirationAerobic RespirationAerobic RespirationAerobic Respiration

Sugar + Oxygen º Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

C6H12O6 + O2 º CO2 + H2O + Energy6 12 6 2 2 2 gy

Is there a connection between photosynthesis and respiration?photosynthesis and respiration?

ConnectionsConnectionsConnectionsConnections

Photosynthesis

LightCO2 + H2O º C6H12O6 + O2

C6H12O6 + O2 º CO2 + H2O + Energy

Respiration

Photosynthesis and Photosynthesis and yyrespiration in the plantrespiration in the plant

TranspirationTranspirationTranspirationTranspiration

Water enter the plant through the roots and exits through the stomata10% f h i d f h h i10% of the water is used for photosynthesis and 90% to keep the plant cells turgidThe water moving into the plant and upThe water moving into the plant and up through the xylem also transports mineral nutrientsEnvironmental factors (temperature, air movement, and humidity) can affect amounts of water transpired at any givenamounts of water transpired at any given time.

Factors Influencing Plant Factors Influencing Plant GrowthGrowth

Light - quantity, quality, and durationTemperature - metabolism, water p ,viscosity, dormancy, flowering, etc.Water - humidity, climate/soil y, /moisture, and qualityNutrients - 18 essential nutrients need to be relatively available to plants. A few are from the atmosphere. Most are found in the soil.

Plant Functions: the Big Plant Functions: the Big ggPicturePicture

Capture and store enough energy to survive and reproduce (earn a living)p ( g)Out compete neighborsAdapt to a variety of environmentsAdapt to a variety of environmentsAdapt to herbivoryAdapt to changing environments

Essential Plant NutrientsEssential Plant NutrientsEssential Plant NutrientsEssential Plant NutrientsMacronutrientsMacronutrients MicronutrientsMicronutrients

Carbon (C)Carbon (C)Hydrogen (H)Hydrogen (H)

Iron (Fe)Iron (Fe)Boron (B)Boron (B)

Oxygen (O)Oxygen (O)Nitrogen (N)Nitrogen (N)

Zinc (Zn)Zinc (Zn)Copper (Cu)Copper (Cu)

Phosphorus (P)Phosphorus (P)Potassium (K)Potassium (K)

Manganese (Mn)Manganese (Mn)Molybdenum (Mo)Molybdenum (Mo)( )( )

Magnesium (Mg)Magnesium (Mg)Calcium (Ca)Calcium (Ca)

y ( )y ( )Chlorine (Cl)Chlorine (Cl)Nickel (Ni)Nickel (Ni)( )( )

Sulfur (S)Sulfur (S)( )( )

Cobalt (Co)Cobalt (Co)